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  3. Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,from warm praise

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,from warm praise

游客2023-09-17  52
问题     Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,
from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.
Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their
consequences, argue that rewards cannot improve performance                S1.______
at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various
aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy
creativity by encouraging independence on approval and gifts from          S2.______
others.
    The later view has gained many supporters, especially                  S3.______
among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards
speak creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that                 S4.______
properly presented inducements(刺激) indeed aid inventiveness,
according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology. "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can
focus on a relative challenging task, they show the most creativity,"      S5.______
says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in
Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity through giving rewards           S6.______
for poor performance or creating too much anticipation of                  S7.______
rewards."
    "A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or
who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up                 S8.______
uninspired students, "Eisenberger holds. As an example of the
latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to
tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in
that students handle challenging problems and receive                      S9.______
performance-based points toward valued rewards, show promise in            S10.______
raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
选项
答案 cannot→can
解析 本句中，who引导非限制性定语从句作插入语，主语为Behaviorists，故谓语argue保持原形；that在此处引导宾语从句。通读全文可知，本文通过Psychologists的观点，引出其反对观点和支持观点，并对两种观点进行讨论。由第—段第二句中的谓语argue(“据理争辩”)，可知Behaviorists是在反对 Psychologists的观点：第三句中的谓语maintain(“坚信”)，则表明支持Psychologists观点的是Cognitive researchers。因此，Behaviorists表达的观点应该是rewards can improve performance at work and school，即“奖励可以促进人们在工作或学习中的表现”，故将cannot改为can。
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