首页
登录
职称英语
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We wa
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We wa
游客
2023-07-26
61
管理
问题
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition (营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur (硫)or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills, and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination.
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won’t work, we first relate the effect (light out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out, we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out--power off--refrigerator not working -- temperature will rise -- milk will sour. In the other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a ear from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but can’t do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be present.
In establishing or denying a causal relation, it is usually necessary to show the process by which the supposed cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process. [br] A necessary cause is _____.
选项
A、one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B、one of the causes that can produce the effect
C、one that is enough to make the effect occur
D、none of them
答案
A
解析
细节题。考查对第三段第二句的理解。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2870332.html
相关试题推荐
I’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplea
I’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplea
I’musuallyfairlyskepticalaboutanyresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplea
Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementsbecomingincreasinglycommonin
Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementsbecomingincreasinglycommonin
Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementsbecomingincreasinglycommonin
Thereisanewtypeofsmalladvertisementsbecomingincreasinglycommonin
[originaltext]W:Hello.M:ThisisJimEvers,fromMarketResearchCorporation.
[originaltext]Asmytrainwasnotduetoleaveforanotherhour,Ihadplen
[originaltext]Asmytrainwasnotduetoleaveforanotherhour,Ihadplen
随机试题
Thereisvirtuallynolimittohowonecanservecommunityinterests,froms
雨淋自动喷水灭火系统出现使用一段时间后阀瓣自动开启的原因是()。A.火灾自动报
需要层次论是谁初次提出的?()A.弗洛伊德 B.莱格 C.米德 D.马斯
教师的_____和人格特征与职业成就之间都有关系。
下面谱例出自刘天华哪部作品() A.《光明行》 B.《病中吟》 C
我国封闭式基金份额的发售采取下列模式( )。 Ⅰ.网上发售 Ⅱ.网下发售
在财产与责任保险中,理赔员主要有()。 A.理赔代理人 B.公司理赔员
下列关于期权说法正确的是()。 A.留存股票依然由股东持有 B.
甲公司为丙公司的全资子公司,于1992年11月经乙市市监局核准成立,注册资本10
2013-77.根据《医疗废物管理条例》,医疗废物集中处置单位的贮存、处置设施,
最新回复
(
0
)