首页
登录
职称英语
There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rott
There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rott
游客
2023-06-30
67
管理
问题
There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research—"an epidemic of false, biased, and falsified findings" where "only the most egregious cases of misconduct are discovered and punished." Fanelli is a leading thinker in an increasingly alarming field of scientific research: one that seeks to find out why it is that so much scientific research turns out to be wrong.
For a long time the focus has either been on industry funding as a source of bias, particularly in drug research, or on those who deliberately commit fraud, such as the spectacular case of Diederik Stapel, a Dutch social psychologist who was found to have fabricated at least 55 research papers over 20 years. But an increasing number of studies have shown that flawed research is a much wider phenomenon, especially in the biomedical sciences. Indeed, the investigation into Stapel also blamed a "sloppy" research culture that often ignored inconvenient data and misunderstood important statistical methods.
"There’s little question that the [scientific] literature is awash(充斥着)in false findings—findings that if you try to replicate you’ll probably never succeed or at least find them to be different from what was initially said," says Fanelli. "But people don’t appreciate that this is not because scientists are manipulating these results, consciously or unconsciously; it’s largely because we have a system that favors statistical flukes (侥幸) instead of replicable findings. "
This is why, he says, we need to extend the idea of academic misconduct (currently limited to fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism) to "distorted reporting"—the failure to communicate all the information someone would need to validate your findings. Right now, he says, we’re missing all the "unconscious biases, the systemic biases... the practices, mistakes, and problems that hardly ever count as cheating, even though they have a very important—and probably the largest—effect on creating technically false results in the literature. "
One particularly challenging bias is that academic journals tend to publish only positive results. As Isabelle Boutron, a professor of epidemiology at Ren6 Descartes University in Paris, points out, studies have shown that peer reviewers are influenced by trial results; one study showed that they not only favored a paper showing a positive effect over a near-identical paper showing no effect, they also gave the positive paper higher scores for its scientific methods. And Boutron has herself found extensive evidence of scientists spinning their findings to claim benefits that their actual results didn’t quite support.
"We need a major cultural change," says Fanelli. "But when you think that, even 20 years ago, these issues were practically never discussed, I think we’re making considerable progress." [br] The example of Diederik Stapel is used to________.
选项
A、prove the severe phenomenon of academic misconduct
B、call for relevant punishment
C、show that it is easy to commit academic fraud in social psychology
D、prove that the professor is unworthy of the title
答案
A
解析
细节题。根据题干中Diederik Stapel锁定文章第二段。文章以戴德里克·斯塔佩尔大案为例,通过具体数据证明研究论文造假现象的猖獗。B、C、D都不符合题意,故答案选A。
转载请注明原文地址:http://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2795484.html
相关试题推荐
Babyfatissomethingchildrenaresupposedtooutgrow,notgrowinto.The
Babyfatissomethingchildrenaresupposedtooutgrow,notgrowinto.The
Babyfatissomethingchildrenaresupposedtooutgrow,notgrowinto.The
Babyfatissomethingchildrenaresupposedtooutgrow,notgrowinto.The
Babyfatissomethingchildrenaresupposedtooutgrow,notgrowinto.The
MyfriendLeomakesupweakandpoorexcuseswheneverthereissomethinghe
MyfriendLeomakesupweakandpoorexcuseswheneverthereissomethinghe
MyfriendLeomakesupweakandpoorexcuseswheneverthereissomethinghe
MyfriendLeomakesupweakandpoorexcuseswheneverthereissomethinghe
MyfriendLeomakesupweakandpoorexcuseswheneverthereissomethinghe
随机试题
[originaltext]TheorganizersoftheOlympicGamesinBeijinghavemarkedthe
Howwasthetravelerwhenhegottothecountryinn?Hewas______.[br]Whydi
ThatCanadianspeaksChinese______(和他说英语一样流利).onconditionthatyoukeepitwe
[originaltext]W:(15)Hello,thisisAnna.M:(15)Hello,Anna.ThisisTom.Ijust
监理工程师进行隐蔽工程质量验收的前提是( ),并对承建单位的《报验申请表》及相
A. B. C. D.
调查研究法中最基本的研究方法,也是使用最广泛的一种基本方法是()。
关于肱骨骨折,下述哪项是正确的A.外科颈骨折,即使畸形愈合后,其功能障碍也较少
作为中长期利率期货的国债期货,影响国债期货价格的主要因素是市场利率和国债现货供求
工程成本应当包括()所发生的,与执行合同有关的直接费用和间接费用。A.从工程投标
最新回复
(
0
)