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  3. It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundame

It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundame

游客2025-02-26  23
问题     It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukary-otic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the respective forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.
    Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one re- spect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large co- herent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the com- mon ancestor of all true bacteria. [br] It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things?
选项 A、The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes.
B、The organelle structures of archae-bacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes.
C、The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms.
D、The molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA.
E、The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in archaebacterial species.
答案 D
解析 为了弄明白生物的基本分类问题，最近做了哪项比较：A．真细菌和其他原核生物的基因密码。无。B．原细菌、真细菌、真核生物的细胞器构造。无。C．多细胞生物和单细胞生物的细胞构造。无。D．正确。真核生物、真细菌以及原细菌的RNA分子序列。见原文L45—52。E．真核生物和原细菌的氨基酸序列。无。
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