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  3. Interpersonal Relationships In the last 25 years we have witnessed an impress

Interpersonal Relationships In the last 25 years we have witnessed an impress

游客2025-01-21  31
问题 Interpersonal Relationships
   In the last 25 years we have witnessed an impressive growth in our knowledge about emotions and emotional development. Until recently, most developmental studies have conceptualized children as individuals and their emotional development as a rather solitary or intrapsychic process. Less frequently studied are topics, such as the development of emotion communication, interpersonal processes involving emotions, and the emotional dynamics of relationship regulation.
   We need to【C1】______ our knowledge about emotions with research and theory that【C2】______ a transactional and interpersonal perspective on emotional development. This【C3】______ perspective would take into consideration that human beings are【C4】______ as social beings who cannot survive or develop【C5】______ without significant relationships. Studying emotional development in interpersonal 【C6】______ also facilitates the generalisability of empirical 【C7】______, because many emotions are generated in the context of【C8】______ relationships . For example, anger is almost exclusively【C9】______ by other people. Furthermore, emotions are differentially shared with others, 【C10】______ the degree to which the relationship【C11】______ genuine or dissembled communication of different emotions. 【C12】______ emotions are often managed with the help of【C13】______ people, as for example, when attachment figures comfort a toddler【C14】______ or later when preadolescent friends distract each other【C15】______ the self-undermining reflections that characterize shame, guilt, and【C16】______. Parameters, such as the frequency, duration, and intensity of emotional【C17】______, are shaped in the face-to-face interactions between children and their【C18】______ others, and the dual role played by expressive【C19】______ as both an indicator of an(underlying) emotional state and a【C20】______ signal is acquired in interpersonal exchange. Last, but not least, children learn to negotiate conflicting emotions in a variety of social contexts.
   In this Special Section we are happy to present a fascinating group of papers on the development of emotion appraisal, experience, and expression in the context of interpersonal relationships: For the most part the papers focus on relationships to peers and to parents. All of the papers comprising this Special Section, however, focus on age groups that have not been extensively studied with regard to emotional development, that is on the age range from preschool to adolescence. [br] 【C8】
选项 A、spiritual
B、emotional
C、biological
D、social
答案 D
解析
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