首页
登录
职称英语
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity an
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity an
游客
2024-12-14
32
管理
问题
In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for leaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.
Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.
In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents’ presence without asking permission.
Practical rules arc helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rob the spit inconspicuously underfoot.
Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted Women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France. Provence had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form in simple popular songs and cheap novels today
In Renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did trot have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.
Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest. [br] According to the writer, part of chivalry is that ______.
选项
A、the knight should return to his castle and live there
B、the knight should be valiant enough to marry the lady
C、the knight should keep his love for the lady in secret fill his death
D、the knight should only have a courtly love with the lady
答案
D
解析
第五段中提到The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades,但不等于说他们只有住在那里才会有骑士精神,所以A不对。He (knight) would never come physically close to her,所以B不对。a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady,所以C不对。D答案中的courtly love指的就是romantic love,或者说spiritual love,所以选D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3873793.html
相关试题推荐
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperityan
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperityan
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperityan
InthecasethatoccurredinFrancein1981,howmanypeoplewitnessedit?[orig
TheRenaissancebeganinnorth______intheearly______century.A、France;14thB、I
TheHundredYears’WarwasaconflictbetweenA、BritainandGermany.B、Franceand
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,waningprosperity
随机试题
Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhervoice_________________(她才能让人听到她的声音).wass
Bythestandardsofwomen’slib,thepre-warGermanhousewifewasoppressed
[originaltext]M:Whatareyouworkingonatthemoment,Beth?W:(19)I’mmaking
下列各项不属于检索降噪策略的是( )。A.扩展关键词降噪策略 B.基于频率算
以下措施中,一般不用于防治路基边缘压实度不足的是()。A、路基施工应按设计的要
下列属于搬运装卸工具的是( )。A.起重机械 B.铁路车辆 C.载货汽车
银行承兑汇票的承兑银行,应当按照票面金额向出票人收取()的手续费。A:千分之一
B企业为扩大产能,投资1.5亿元,新建12000m2厂房,新建厂房为新型钢结构,
岩体中的构造裂隙可分为张性裂隙和扭性裂隙,其中张性裂隙常发育在()。A.背斜褶皱
反映胎儿肺成熟度的是A.卵磷脂/鞘磷脂比值 B.淀粉酶值 C.胆红素类物质
最新回复
(
0
)