首页
登录
职称英语
Animation is older than cinema, indeed almost as old as photography. Niepc
Animation is older than cinema, indeed almost as old as photography. Niepc
游客
2024-10-13
32
管理
问题
Animation is older than cinema, indeed almost as old as photography. Niepce made the first still photograph in 1826, just six years before Plateau invented the Phenakistoscope. The Zoetrope appeared just a year later in 1833.These two devices were examples of what today we would call drawn animation, presenting a series of pictures to the viewer in rapid succession to give the illusion of movement. While such toys were highly popular in the nineteenth century, it was not until the birth of cinema at the end of the century that animated films could tell stories.
Before the advent of CGI in the 1980s, animation techniques could be divided into two broad categories-drawn animation and model (or stop-motion) animation. The former involves photographing a series of two-dimensional images, usually drawings but sometimes cut-out shapes, while the latter uses three-dimensional puppets and models. Both techniques developed rapidly in the early years of cinema, with Cohl (" Fantasmagorie", 1908) and McCay ("Little Nemo", 1911) among the drawn animation pioneers and Stacewicz ("The Revenge of a Kinematograph Cameraman", 1912) the pre eminent puppet animator.
The invention of eel animation by Hard in 1914 was a key milestone. Not only did it reduce the work required to produce drawn animation by eliminating the need to redraw the backgrounds, it also made it possible to divide the work up among a team of specialists. One artist could design the characters, one draw the backgrounds, another produce key character frames as outline drawings, while yet others would work on the less inventive tasks of inking in outlines or filling in character movements (’in-betweeners’). The development of ’rotoscoping’ by the Fleischer brothers was another key improvement, leading to much more realistic character movement.
While the eel technique transformed drawn animation into a streamlined production-line process, model animation remained very much an individual art. As a result it languished, while by the 1930s cel-animated shorts had become part of nearly every Film program. As well as Disney, several of the studios, Warner Brothers and MGM in particular, had flourishing animation departments. Disney produced the first full-length animated feature, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" in I937 and from then on released a new one roughly every other year.
The advent of widespread television in the 1960s had a profound effect on film programs. First newsreels were abandoned, as television news proved more efficient and immediate. Cartoon shorts were edged out more slowly, but became rare by the end of the 1960s. The animation studios, instead of making five-minute shorts for cinema exhibition, started making thirty-minute TV cartoons for children ("Top Cat", "Deputy Dawg" and "The Flintstones" for example). While stories of necessity became more complex, the cartoon drawings themselves became highly simplified to meet the budgets that TV imposed.
Within the domain of animated shorts almost every conceivable technique has continued to be used, but until recently cartoon features have been produced exclusively using cel. animation. Indeed, for more than forty years, from "Snow White" (1937) until "The Secret of NIMH" (Bluth/Goldman, 1982) almost all the featurelength cartoons came from a single studio, Disney. Model animation, while often used for special effects in fantasy and science fiction films, was not used for a feature-length animated film until "Nightmare" (1993). Despite the success of "Nightmare" we have not seen many more stop-motion 3D cartoons. Indeed there has been just one, "Chicken Run" (Lord/Park. 2000)), although the long middle section of "James and the Giant Peach" (Selick. 1996) is entirely stop-motion. Instead there has been a series of very successful 3D cartoons generated completely by computers, starting with "Toy Story" in 1995. [br] Model animation technique was applied in______.
选项
A、Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
B、Fantasmagorie
C、The Flintstones
D、The Revenge of a Kinematograph Cameraman
答案
D
解析
细节理解题。对应文章第二段... and Starewicz(“The Revenge of a Kinematograph Cameraman”, 1912) the pre-eminent puppet animator.结合model animaiton 的特点while the latter uses three dimensional puppets and models.可知D正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3798839.html
相关试题推荐
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothesch
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothesch
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothesch
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothesch
IlikewatchingTV______tothecinema.A、morethantogoB、thangoingC、morethan
Hewassuchageniusthathealmost______everythinghedid.A、excelledinB、exce
Almost300shipsarrivedinVictoriain1852,bringing100,000people______gol
Animationisolderthancinema,indeedalmostasoldasphotography.Niepc
Despitealmostuniversal______ofthevitalimportanceofwomen’sliteracy,edu
Thechancesofarepetitionoftheseunfortunateeventsare______indeed.(2001年考试
随机试题
Youmayhavenoticedthatsomepeoplejumpoutofbedbrightandearlyandarec
下列句子没有语病的一项是( )A.那个年代的手抄本很难得,书中的故事对我产生
下列各选项中,属于资产要素的项目有()。A.应收账款 B.在途物资 C.预收
某隧道工程采用筛析法对所用水泥样品进行水泥细度检测,3个水泥样品质量均为500g
糖尿病神经病变的后果除外A.吸收不良综合征 B.间歇性跛行 C.直立性低血压
有限责任公司的成立时间为( )。A.申请设立登记日期 B.营业执照签发日期
A.真溶液B.胶体溶液C.乳剂D.混悬液E.半固体剂型难溶性固体药物分散于液体分
下列药物配伍属于十九畏的是A山药与天花粉 B乌头与半夏 C官桂与石脂 D甘
喹诺酮类药物影响老年人对钙离子吸收的结构因素是A:1位上的脂肪烃基 B:6位的
对结核菌有抑菌作用的药物是 A.对氨基水杨酸钠B.乙胺丁醇C.二者均是D.
最新回复
(
0
)