首页
登录
职称英语
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set
游客
2024-09-24
24
管理
问题
Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature — those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer.
AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system’s design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor’s design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search.
The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times.
Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce — that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided. [br] Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an area of applying AURA?
选项
A、Electronic engineering.
B、Nuclear engineering.
C、Mathematic and formal logic.
D、Medical diagnosis.
答案
C
解析
由第三段第一句的electronic circuit design validation、第二段的后半部分以及第三段第三句的medical diagnosis可知,AURA已经应用于电子工程、核工业以及医疗诊断,即文中提到了[A]、[B]、[D]三项。文中并没有提到AURA在数学和形式逻辑方面的应用,故答案为[C]。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3772118.html
相关试题推荐
Theexperimentrequiresmoremoneythan______.[2002]A、havebeenputinB、being
It’smypositionthatgentlemenshouldreasonthingoutratherthan______force.A
SurveysbyForresterResearchshowthatindividualsallovertheworldareu
Whatisthemainreasonfortheproblem,accordingtotheman?[originaltext]W:
Whichofthefollowinginfinitives(不定式)expressesREASON?A、Hesearchedtheroomo
WhatisthereasonforthebanonimportsfromtheWest?[br][originaltext]
WhatisthereasonforthebanonimportsfromtheWest?[originaltext]Russi
Childrenwhostayawayfromschooldo______fordifferentreasons.A、themB、/C、it
Theresearchrequiresmoremoneythan______.A、havebeenputinB、hasbeenputin
Cancomputersreason?Reasoningrequirestheindividualtotakeagivenset
随机试题
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic"A
Humanreactiontotherealmofthoughtisoftenasstrongasthattosensiblepr
标准体系是一个复杂的系统,由很多单项标准集成,要发挥其系统而有序功能必须把一个复
患者女性,43岁,风湿性心脏病史10余年,二尖瓣狭窄,心功能Ⅰ级。口内残根,Ⅰ度
女,22岁,因肥胖闭经拟诊为多囊卵巢综合征。如果确诊为多囊卵巢综合征,其治疗方案
以下属于非智力因素的是( )。A.意志力 B.观察力 C.记忆力 D.思维
下列关于高中思想政治课程目标的表述,体现情感、态度价值观目标的是()。A.知
盐析法沉淀蛋白的原理是A.与蛋白结合形成不溶性盐 B.降低蛋白质的电常数 C
2011年货邮吞吐量和起降架次均排在前十位的机场有几个?() A.9 B
下列单位中,不需要缴纳车辆购置税的是( )。 A.购置小客车用于医疗服务的医
最新回复
(
0
)