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  3. Eysenck’s research strategy begins by dividing the elements of personality i

Eysenck’s research strategy begins by dividing the elements of personality i

游客2024-08-05  40
问题     Eysenck’s research strategy begins by dividing the elements of personality into various units that can be arranged hierarchically. The basic structure in this scheme is the specific response level, which consists of specific behaviors. For example, if we watch a man spend the afternoon talking and laughing with friends, we would be observing a specific response.

If this man spends many afternoons each week having a good time with friends, we have evidence for the second level in Eysenck’s model, a habitual response. But it is likely that this man doesn’t limit himself to socializing just in the afternoon and just with these friends. Suppose this man also devotes a large part of his weekends and quite a few evenings to his social life. If you watch long e-nough, you might find that he lives for social gatherings, discussion groups, parties, and so on. You might conclude, in Eysenck’s terms, that this person exhibits the trait of sociability. Finally, Eysenck argues that traits such as sociability are part of a still larger dimension of personality. That is, people who are sociable also tend to be impulsive, active, lively, and excitable. All these traits combine to form the supertrait Eysenck calls extraversion.
    How many of these supertraits are there? Originally, Eysenck’s factor analytic research yielded evidence for two basic dimensions that could subsume all other traits: extraversion- introversion and neuroticism. Because the dimensions are independent of one another, people who score on the extraversion end of the first dimension can score either high or low on the second dimension. Further, someone who scores high on extraversion and low on neuroticism possesses different traits than does a person who scores high on both extraversion and neuroticism.
    Where do you suppose you fall in this model? If you are the prototypic extravert, then Eysenck describes you as " outgoing, impulsive and uninhibited, having many social contacts and frequently taking part in group activities". An introvert is "a quiet, retiring sort of person, introspective, fond of books rather than people". Of course, most people fall somewhere between these two extremes, but each of us is perhaps a little more of one than the other.
    Eysenck argues that extraverts and introverts differ not only in terms of behavior but also in their physiological makeup. Eysenck originally maintained that extraverts and introverts have different levels of cerebral cortex arousal when in a nonstimulating, resting state. Although it may sound backward at first, he proposed that extraverts generally have a lower level of cortical arousal than do introverts. Extraverts seek out highly arousing social behavior because their cortical arousal is well below their desired level when doing nothing. In a sense, highly extraverted people are simply trying to avoid unpleasant boredom. Their problem is feeding their need for stimulation. Introverts have the opposite problem. They typically operate at an above-optimal cortical arousal level. These people select solitude and nonstimulating environments in an effort to keep their already high arousal level from becoming too aversive.
    Unfortunately, a great deal of research has failed to uncover the different levels of base- rate cortical arousal proposed by Eysenck. For example, introverts and extraverts show no differences in brain-wave activity when at rest or when asleep. But this does not mean that Eysenck’s original theorizing was entirely off base. Rather, there is ample evidence that introverts are more sensitive to stimulation than extraverts are. Introverts are even more responsive than extraverts when exposed to chemical stimulants, such as caffeine or nicotine.
    Consequently, many researchers now describe extraverts and introverts in terms of their different sensitivity to stimulation, rather than the different base rate of cortical activity Eysenck proposed. However, the effect is essentially the same. Because of physiological differences, introverts are more quickly overwhelmed by the stimulation of a crowded social gathering, whereas extraverts are likely to find the same gathering rather pleasant.
Questions 56 to 60
Mark each statement as either true(T)or false(F)according to the passage. [br] Eysenck believes if one is highly extravert, he or she shows little sign of neuroticism.( )
选项 A、TRUE
B、FALSE
答案 B
解析 第二段开头介绍到，Eysenck研究表明有两种基本维度可以囊括其他特征：extraver-sion—introversion(外内倾)和neuroticism(神经质)。并指出“Because the dimensions areindependent of one another，people who score on the extraversion end of the first dimensioncan score either high or low on the second dimension”，也即是这两种维度是相互独立的，高外倾性的人在神经质水平方面或高或低。故题干有误。
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