首页
登录
职称英语
In the later half of the 19th century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging
In the later half of the 19th century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging
游客
2024-06-09
44
管理
问题
In the later half of the 19th century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modem lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities (自治城市) went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the 19th century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends (股息) and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had. seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal (家长的) system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. [br] Many an old family firm was replaced by limited liability companies in that they were in an actual state of______.
选项
答案
decline in efficiency
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3627222.html
相关试题推荐
[originaltext]Inthe18thcenturyFrencheconomistsprotestedtheexcessive
【S1】[br]【S9】by→before连词错误。by后面只能跟名词短语,不能跟时间状语从句,应改为beforethiscenturyisout(
[originaltext]Italy’scapitalRomeisafamoustouristattraction,butther
[originaltext]Italy’scapitalRomeisafamoustouristattraction,butther
[originaltext]Italy’scapitalRomeisafamoustouristattraction,butther
[originaltext]Italy’scapitalRomeisafamoustouristattraction,butther
[originaltext]Inthiscentury,photographshavebeenreallyimportantfort
[originaltext]Inthiscentury,photographshavebeenreallyimportantfort
[originaltext]Italy’scapitalRomeisafamoustouristattraction,hutther
[originaltext]Italy’scapitalRomeisafamoustouristattraction,hutther
随机试题
Theeventwentoff______thattheorganizerwasawardedcommendationforhergo
Theremusthavebeensomeonewhohasinstigatedarebellion.A、incitedB、tampered
学生在教师指导下,独立地阅读教材、收集资料,并进行群体性的讨论,借以交流信息,深
能够对纱布有吸附性而致药效降低的消毒剂为A.乙醇 B.苯扎溴铵(新洁尔灭)
患者男性,70岁,高血压病史30年。今日于家中如厕时突然出现头晕,随即倒地,送入
在下列各种学习动机中,属于内在动机的是()A.班级排名 B.老师表扬 C.
在履行合同中发生以下()情形之一的,经发包人同意,监理人可按合同约定的变更
我国涉外经济管理应遵循的基本原则包括( )。A.有利于拉动国民经济持续稳定增长
会计科目的辅助核算包括()。A、往来核算 B、部门核算 C、项目核算 D、
男性,24岁。近三个月来感乏力,面色苍白,近一周来反复鼻出血。查体:贫血面容,肝
最新回复
(
0
)