首页
登录
职称英语
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essenc
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essenc
游客
2024-06-03
39
管理
问题
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two "behavior segments" in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal.
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, devised a test for children that was explicitly based on Hulll’s principles. The children were given the task of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence. The children were trained on each stage separately. The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of inserting the marble into a small hole to release the toy. The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. But they did not for the most part "integrate". They did not press the button to get the marble and then proceed without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning.
The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from anther psychologist, Michael Cole and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers’ task either. But it lessens, on the other hand, when we learn that a task was devised which was strictly analogous to the Kendlers’ one but much easier for me African males to handle. Instead of the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two differently colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two behavior segments--"open the right match-box to get the key" and "use the key to open the box"---so the task seems formally to be the same. But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects: and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then turns our that the difficulty of "integration" is greatly reduced.
Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, too, the difficulty lies not in the inferential processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. Hewson made two crucial changes. First, he replaced the button-pressing mechanism in the side panels by drawers in these panels which the children could open and shut. This took away the mystery from the first stage of training. Then he helped the child to understand that there was no "magic" about the specific marble. The two modifications together produced a jump m success rates from 30% to 90% for five-year-olds and from 35% to 72.5 % for four-year-olds. For three-year-olds, for reasons that are still in need of clarification, no improvement--rather a slight drop in performance resulted from the change.
We may conclude, then, that children experience very real difficulty when faced with the Kendler apparatus; but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning. [br] Why did the Kendlers conduct the test described in the second paragraph?
选项
答案
To test whether children are capable of deductive reasoning.
解析
从第二段的最后一句“So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive reasoning.”和全文的最后一句“...but this difficulty cannot be taken as proof that they are incapable of deductive reasoning.”可以推断,三组实验都是根据文章开头所提到的心理学家 Clark Hull的理论。来验证实验对象是否有推理能力的。Kendler夫妇的实验对象是儿童。故可以回答为“To test whether children are capable of deductive reasoning.”。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3617480.html
相关试题推荐
Theessenceofthescientificattitudeis______________________________.(人类一定能
Oneofthemosteminentofpsychologists,ClarkHull,claimedthattheessenc
Oneofthemosteminentofpsychologists,ClarkHull,claimedthattheessenc
Oneofthemosteminentofpsychologists,ClarkHull,claimedthattheessenc
Psychologistsarefindingthathopeplaysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivin
Psychologistsarefindingthathopeplaysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivin
Psychologistsarefindingthathopeplaysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivin
Psychologistsarefindingthathopeplaysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivin
Psychologistsarefindingthathopeplaysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivin
Psychologistsarefindingthathopeplaysasurprisinglyvitalroleingivin
随机试题
[originaltext]Whatdoesthemantellthewoman?[/originaltext]A、Theexam,isve
[originaltext]Soonitwouldbetheholidays,butbeforethat,therewastheend
DoBritain’sEnergyFirmsServethePublicInterest?[A]Capitalism
传统的中国音乐可以追溯到7000到8000年前,这基于对一只新石器时代(theNeolithicAge)骨头做成的笛子(flute)的发现。在夏
根据《水电水利工程爆破施工技术规范》DL/T5135-2013,地下洞室爆破时,
月经量少,色淡黯,质稀,腰酸腿软,头晕耳鸣,舌淡,苔薄,脉沉弱。宜选用A.滋血汤
甲、乙两人分别从A、B两地同时出发,相向而行,匀速前进。如果每人按一定的速度前进
A.15分钟 B.30分钟 C.1小时 D.1.5小时 E.2小时软胶囊
根据通货膨胀的原因,通货膨胀可划分为()。A、需求拉上型通胀 B、爬行的
下列各项中,不是自行开发会计软件优点的是()。A、能够充分考虑企业自身生产经营特
最新回复
(
0
)