首页
登录
职称英语
A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefu
A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefu
游客
2024-03-11
56
管理
问题
A sense of self develops in young children by degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and the self as an object. William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate. Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.
According to James, a child’ s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that he labelled "self-as-subject", and he gave it various elements. These included an awareness of one’s own agency(i.e. one’ s power to act), and an awareness of one’ s distinctiveness from other people. These features gradually emerge as infants explore their world and interact with caregivers. Cooley(1902)suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily concerned with being able to exercise power. He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to control physical objects, such as toys or his own limbs. This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For example, infants learn that when they cry or smile, someone responds to them.
Once children have acquired a certain level of self-awareness, they begin to place themselves in whole series of categories, which together play such an important part in defining them uniquely as "themselves". This second step in the development of a full sense of self is what James called the "Self-as-object". This has been seen by many to be the aspect of the self which is most influenced by social elements, since it is made up of social roles(such as student, brother, colleague)and characteristics which derive their meaning from comparison or interaction with other people(such as trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).
Cooley and other researchers suggested a close connection between a person’s own understanding of their identity and other people’s understanding of it. Cooley believed that people build up their sense of identity from the reactions of others to them, and from the view they believe others have of them. He called the self-as-object the "looking-glass self, since people come to see themselves as they are reflected in others. Mead(1934)went even further, and saw the self and the social world as inextricably bound together: "The self is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to conceive of a self arising outside of social experience."
Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-awareness in general can be seen in the displays of
rage
which are most common from 18 months to 3 years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of three or four children, Bronson(1975)found that the intensity of the frustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply between the ages of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children’ s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. Although it may be less marked in other societies, the link between the sense of "self and of "ownership" is a notable feature of childhood in Western societies. [br] The word "rage"(Line 2, Para.5)is closest in meaning to______.
选项
A、disappointment
B、wrath
C、dismay
D、silence
答案
B
解析
语义题。第五段第一句,“finally,perhaps the most graphic expressions ofself-awareness in general canbe seen in the displays of rage…”最终,一半自我认知最形象的表达方式是愤怒。联系下文,也可推断出。第二句“the intensity of thefrustration and anger in their disagreements increased sharply”争论中产生的挫败感和愤怒增加。选项A,失望;选项C,沮丧;选项D,沉默,均不符合原文大意。正确答案是B。愤怒。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3526160.html
相关试题推荐
RichChildrenandPoorOnesAreRaisedVeryDifferently[A]
RichChildrenandPoorOnesAreRaisedVeryDifferently[A]
RichChildrenandPoorOnesAreRaisedVeryDifferently[A]
RichChildrenandPoorOnesAreRaisedVeryDifferently[A]
RichChildrenandPoorOnesAreRaisedVeryDifferently[A]
RichChildrenandPoorOnesAreRaisedVeryDifferently[A]
Children’sHealthcareofAtlantawantstomoveGeorgiaoutofthetop10list
Children’sHealthcareofAtlantawantstomoveGeorgiaoutofthetop10list
Children’sHealthcareofAtlantawantstomoveGeorgiaoutofthetop10list
Children’sHealthcareofAtlantawantstomoveGeorgiaoutofthetop10list
随机试题
Agrowingnumberofpsychotherapistsare______ideasthathavedominatedtheirf
Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,
Kitchendutiesmayhavetraditionallybeenviewedaswomen’swork,butnot
[img]2016m11x/ct_eyyjsaz2016c_eyyjsacloze_0047_201610[/img]Haveyoueverth
吗啡中毒的三联症状是()A.幻觉、抽搐、呼吸抑制 B.昏迷、针尖样瞳孔
A.企事业单位 B.医疗服务 C.卫生审批 D.药品 E.权利卫生法律关
主题公园具体的游线组织形式有( )。A.复合流线组织 B.带状组织 C.放
(2018年真题)老张突发心梗,手术后转入医院监护病房。由于在监护病房目睹同室病
股票一经发行,购买股票的投资者即成为公司的股东。()
期货公司申请从事期货投资咨询业务,应当具有3年以上期货从业经历并取得期货投资咨询
最新回复
(
0
)