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  3. The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’ s atmosphere affect the heat b

The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’ s atmosphere affect the heat b

游客2024-03-11  19
问题     The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’ s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’ s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much low that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
    Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
    Under present conditions, a temperature of -18℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometres above the Earth. Below this altitude(called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometre approaching the Earth’ s surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise.
    One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometre. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapour in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’ s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature. [br] It can be concluded from information contained in the passage that the average temperature at an altitude of 1 kilometre above the Earth is______.
选项 A、15°C
B、9°C
C、2.5°C
D、-12°C
答案 B
解析 推断题。根据原文第三段Under present conditions a temperature of-18℃can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometres above the Earth．Below this altitude(called the radiating level)，the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometreapproaching the Earth’s surface，where the average temperature is about 15℃．“在目前的环境下，在海拔五六千米的高度可以观测到-18℃的气温，这一高度被称作辐射水平面。在这一高度以下，距离地面每下降一千米温度就升高6℃，到达地面的时平均温度约为15℃。”可计算这道数学题。地面的时平均温度约为15℃。从地面每上升一千米温度就降低6℃，那么距离地表一千米的地方温度应为9℃，选B。
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