首页
登录
职称英语
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the
游客
2024-01-13
34
管理
问题
In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’ control. Concentration of the samurai in castle- towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the in- crease in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax col- lectors(the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary officeholding)as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.
It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to oth- er sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debase- ment of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasi- ble. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income. Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin ; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’ search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet. [br] According to the passage, the actions of the Tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government were regrettable because those actions
选项
A、raised the cost of living by pushing up prices.
B、resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold.
C、were far lower in yield than had originally been anticipated.
D、did not succeed in reducing government spending.
E、acted as a deterrent to trade.
答案
A
解析
T试图解决财政困难的计划没有成功的原因:A.提高了物价,从而引起生活费用上涨。见原文L72—73。正确。B.耗尽易开采的金银矿。矿山在此处未被提到。C.比预期收入低很多。无。D.没有减少政府花费。无。E.阻碍贸易。无。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3359393.html
相关试题推荐
Thecityhasalwaysbeenanengineofintellectuallife,fromthe10-century
Thecityhasalwaysbeenanengineofintellectuallife,fromthe10-century
DanteGabrielRossetti,thefamous19th-centurypoetandartist,wasonceap
DanteGabrielRossetti,thefamous19th-centurypoetandartist,wasonceap
(79)Theagriculturerevolutioninthenineteenthcenturyinvolvedtwothing
Nearlyaquarter-centuryafteraGermanboytossedamessageinabotdeoff
Nearlyaquarter-centuryafteraGermanboytossedamessageinabotdeoff
Thesystemsremainbasicallythesameas______inusehalfacenturyago.A、those
Intheseventeenth-centuryFlorentinetextileindustry,womenwereemployed
Attheendofthenineteenthcentury,arisinginterestinNativeAmericancusto
随机试题
They’rethesortofscoresthatdrivehigh-schoolhistoryteacherstodrink.
Anewstudyfindsthatevenmildstresscanaffectyourabilitytocontroly
新中国建立前夕,中共中央提出的执行和平外交政策中的基本方针是()A.和平共处五项
羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂简称为他汀类药,其与羟甲基戊二酰辅酶人的结构相似,
个人申请保荐代表人资格,应当通过所任职的保荐机构向中国证监会提交的材料不包括()
正值毕业季,班长小李组织大家聚餐,费用均摊,结账时,如果每人付300元,则多出1
甲、乙两人同时从图书馆走向教室,甲一半路程步行,一半路程跑步;乙一半时间步行,一
1999~2007年是我国证券市场的()。A:探索起步时期B:萌芽期C:形成
下列各项中,属于我国法律渊源的有()。A.《支付结算办法》 B.《最高人民法院
虽然检测测定达不到设计要求,但经原设计单位核算认可能满足结构安全和使用功能的检验
最新回复
(
0
)