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  3. Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called "the most widely used psy

Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called "the most widely used psy

游客2024-01-13  22
问题     Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called "the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth. " Syn-der, Daly and Bruns have recently pro- posed that caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated Al and A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they oth- erwise would.
    For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP. A number of neurotransmitters exert their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behavioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the caf- feine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other compounds that block phosphodi- esterase’s activity are not stimulants.
    To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. "In general," they reported, "the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i. e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion. " Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective compounds in both regards.
    There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-l-methylxan-thine(IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomo- tion. Snyder et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoac- tive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones. [br] Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the theory proposed by Snyder et al?
选项 A、At very low concentrations in the human brain, both caffeine and theophylline tend to have depressive rather than stimulatory effects on human behavior.
B、The ability of caffeine derivatives at very low concentrations to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains correlates well with their ability to stimulate mouse locomotion at these low concentrations.
C、The concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons in the human brain that leads to increased neuron firing can be produced by several different phosphodiesterase inhibitors in addition to caffeine.
D、The concentration of caffeine required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the human brain is much greater than the concentration that produces behavioral stimulation in humans.
E、The concentration of IBMX required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains is much smaller than the concentration that stimulates locomotion in the mouse.
答案 D
解析 哪个观点成立的话，会削弱Snyder等人的理论?有逻辑意味的题。他们的理论是：咖啡因通过抑制腺苷而引起兴奋，应该从此处进行反驳。A．在低含量时，咖啡因和ph都对人行为有抑制而不是兴奋作用。ph有无此作用，原文未提，咖啡因有，在第四段。但这样不能削弱Snyder等人的观点，Snyder对此做了解释。B．咖啡因衍生物在低含量时，去除附着在感受器上的腺苷的能力和激发老鼠的运动的能力一致。这是符合第三段Snyder等人论证自己的观点时所做实验结果的。C．AMP的含量升高除了咖啡因还和其他抑制ph的物质有关。这是老观点的内容，和Snyder等人观点无关。D．正确。咖啡因要想达到抑制腺苷的浓度要比它引起兴奋的浓度高得多。这就割断了抑制腺苷和引起兴奋的联系，有趣的是，原文Snyder也是用同样的方法来反驳老观点L39—43，可谓“以其人之道还治其人之身”。E．IBMX移去感受器上腺苷所需剂量要比刺激老鼠运动的剂量小得多。这个事实说明造成兴奋很有可能是抑制腺苷引起的，和题干要求相反。
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