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  3. Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarde

Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarde

游客2024-01-13  22
问题     Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers— women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid "women’ s work" in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less pro- found than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.
    To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s "real" aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be per- ceived as "female. "
    More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as "female," employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the "male" jobs that women had been permitted to master. [br] The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?
选项 A、After a crisis many formerly "male" jobs are reclassified as "female" jobs.
B、Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience as homemakers.
C、Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.
D、Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for factory work.
E、The service sector of the economy has proved more nearly gender-blind in its hiring policies than has the manufacturing sector.
答案 C
解析 关于美国的雇佣政策，哪个正确?A．危机过后，很多以前“男性”工作变为“女性”工作。未提。B．喜欢雇用有家务劳动经验的妇女。无。C．正确。战后政策使妇女失掉许多她们在战时得到的工作。见L58—61。D．即使二战时战时工业也不愿雇妇女。易混。不是不雇用妇女，而是在工作中对男女工人区别对待。E．服务行业比制造业更不具性别歧视。有一派认为制造业较少，作者提出不正确。但作者也未说服务行业少。
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