首页
登录
职称英语
Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural atti
Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural atti
游客
2024-01-11
44
管理
问题
Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that
change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries.
Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and
Line as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated, they started to classify
(5) diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new
insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and
syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became
evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate
disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of
(10) schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an
illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an
etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes
involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or
absence of "positive" and "negative" symptoms.
(15) Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social,
financial, and physical implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the
label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic
conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or
others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always
(20) positive-it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children
or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers-but it
can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal
responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless,
deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be
(25) considered synonymous with disease. Two schools—nominalist and essentialist
or reductionist—have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as
diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as
schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while
essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological
(30) etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a
genetic abnormality.
It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist
tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist
traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must
(35) consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic
abnormality), for the former describes a state that places individuals at some
definable risk of adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific
genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic
abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a
(40) disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic
counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient. [br] Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?
选项
A、It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.
B、It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.
C、It argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.
D、It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.
E、It provides information that points to the eventual abandonment of a particular system of pathological taxonomy.
答案
C
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3353784.html
相关试题推荐
Theauthorofthepassagealludestothewell-establishednatureoftheconcept
Theauthorofthepassagealludestothewell-establishednatureoftheconcept
Beingoverweightincreasesaperson’sriskofheartdisease,stroke,andhighbl
Acommonmisconceptionisthatuniversityhospitalsarebetterthancommunityor
Despiteimprovementsintreatmentforasthma,thedeathratefromthisdiseaseh
Itwaslongthoughtthatanow-rarediseaseofthejoints,alkaptonuria,wasepi
Thenumberofpeoplediagnosedashavingacertainintestinaldiseasehasdroppe
NewJersey’sisoneofthefivehighestnumberofreportedcasesofLymedisease
Therelationshipbetweencorpulenceanddiseaseremaincontroversial,althoughs
Inancienttimes,Nubiawastheprincipalcorridorwheretherewereculturalinf
随机试题
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes33-37
[originaltext]CupidcanalwaysusealittleencouragementeveninSpain.Me
TheTroodosareaofCyprusisonlyanhour’sdrivefromthecoast,sowhynot
穿山甲药材来源于A.鲮鲤科B.芫青科C.鲍科D.壁虎科E.鳖蠊科
从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性: A.如
下列关于消防应急灯具的选择,说法错误的是()。A.未设置消防控制室的住宅建筑,
治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血,以下哪项措施最有效A.安络血肌肉注射 B.静脉应用垂
下列关于家庭生命周期的说法中,正确的有()。A.家庭形成期是从结婚到子女婴儿期
要想达到较高的评价者信度,需要注意的问题包括()。A.测试过程要标准化
根据增值税法律制度的规定,下列各项中,免征增值税的有()。A.托儿所提供的保育服
最新回复
(
0
)