首页
登录
职称英语
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developm
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developm
游客
2024-01-03
24
管理
问题
"Civilization"
Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., craftspeople had discovered that metal-bearing rocks could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instruments. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 b.c. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians to call the period the Bronze Age; thereafter, from around 3000 to 1200 b.c, bronze was increasingly replaced by iron.
At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, more complex human societies emerged. As wealth increased, these societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Southwest Asia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.
As we have seen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence—called civilization—came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilization, most of which are evident in the Southwest Asian and Egyptian civilizations. These include (1) an urban focus: cities became the centers of political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucial to the community’s success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power and for defense; (4) a new social structure based on economic power: while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing: kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity: monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occupied a prominent place in urban environments.
Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain. A Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? B A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. C Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities with bureaucratic organization. D But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which civilization emerged in Southwest Asia, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could be produced only with a massive human effort to carefully manage the water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that nonmaterial forces, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering the actual causes of early civilization. [br] According to paragraph 3, how was the class system structured?
选项
A、An upper class and a lower class
B、Slaves, free people, and a ruling class
C、A king, an army, and slaves
D、Intellectuals and uneducated farmers and workers
答案
B
解析
"... a new social structure .. . [included] kings and an upper class . . . free people . .. and a class of slaves." Choice A is not correct because it does not include free people. Choice C is not correct because it does not include free people. Choice D is not mentioned and may not be concluded from information in the passage. The new structure described is based on economics, not on education.
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3329483.html
相关试题推荐
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweentwostudents.No
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweentwostudents.No
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofe
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofe
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofe
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofe
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandanadvi
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandanadvi
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofe
NarratorListentopartofaconversationbetweenastudentandaprofe
随机试题
Itisacommonplaceamongmoraliststhatyoucannotgethappinessbypursu
按照《水运工程混凝土试验规程》钢筋阻锈剂的性能指标凝结时间差可以超过60分钟。
(2021年真题)下列关于金融债券发行的操作要求的说法,正确的是() Ⅰ、
易损伤肝功能的药物是A.天南星 B.苦杏仁 C.川贝母 D.黄药子 E.
每张处方罂粟壳最大量是A:6gB:18gC:45gD:30gE:27g
测绘科技档案的保管期限分为永久、长期和短期3种,其中短期的期限为()。A
下列各句中,加点词语能被括号中的词语替换且不改变句意的一项是()。A.中国高
加强志愿者队伍建设,规范志愿服务的重要基础和关键环节是()。A.招募 B.注册
A.混悬颗粒 B.泡腾颗粒 C.肠溶颗粒 D.缓释颗粒 E.控释颗粒系指
(2020年真题)下列人格特质理论中,从对特质理论的研究转向对人格维度分析的是(
最新回复
(
0
)