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Read the following passage. Wilderness management has advanced greatly o
Read the following passage. Wilderness management has advanced greatly o
游客
2024-01-02
24
管理
问题
Read the following passage.
Wilderness management has advanced greatly over the last century, due in part to such practices as the suppression of forest fires and limitation on the clear-cutting of trees. Monitoring forests for small brush fires is easier with aircraft, as is the use of large amounts of water and sophisticated chemical fire extinguishers to prevent fires from spreading.
The goals of decreasing the amount of destruction by fires and cutting are wide-ranging. One is simply the longer lives and improved health of trees. In some areas of hickory and oak forests on the Eastern Seaboard, fire suppression has allowed the maturation of so many trees that the treetops form a continuous canopy.
There is evidence of the healthful effects of fire suppression closer to the ground as well. Vines and low bushes that would be burned out in a forest fire can flourish when fires are suppressed, of course, but there is a more indirect way fires harm plant life. Chemical tests on areas that have recently experienced forest fires demonstrate that burning decreases the overall amount of nutrients in the soil. Suppressing fires prevents such a decrease. Ferns, wildflowers, and herbs grow without disturbance.
Finally, wildlife can benefit. In the eastern hickory and oak forests, the suppression of fires has meant that forest animals—ranging from small insects and birds to large deer and bears—are not burned to death. Deer populations, in particular, have increased notably.
Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific points made in the reading passage.
For years, forest fires were regarded as uniformly destructive, and forest managers put a lot of effort into preventing them. But it turns out that fire suppression may have destructive long-term effects on the forests it’s supposed to protect.
For instance, mature oaks have grown so thickly in some places that little light reaches the forest floor. But young oak trees need light in order to grow properly. The lack of light has meant that new oaks aren’t maturing rapidly enough to replace the older oaks. It also means that other tree species that don’t need so much light, such as maples, are invading oak and hickory forests and competing for resources.
There are competition problems at ground level too. What forest fires, both natural and artificial, used to do is burn off some of the plants on the forest floor before they could grow into huge thickets. Now they run wild over the ground—and again, that means it’s hard for young trees and other native plants to grow.
Then there’s the increase in the deer populations—this partially results from the lack of forest fires and partially from limitation on hunting—but the thing is, deer like to eat the leaves of oak saplings. So if one of those oak seedlings somehow does manage to get a good start, despite the shade and all the other plants competing for nutrients, it’s likely to be killed by having its leaves eaten.
Oh, and one other thing: scientists are now finding that forest fires release nutrients from the plants and animals that are burned. That means that, even though the total amount of nutrients is decreased, there can actually be more nutrients available on the soil surface for plants that are trying to grow back afterward.
选项
答案
The lecturer counters the theory contended in the reading passage that fire suppression benefits trees, vines and bushes, soil and wildlife. According to the lecturer, fire suppression does harm to the forest in the long run.
To begin with, the reading passage believes that fewer forest fires means healthier and longer-lived trees. The lecturer casts doubt on this statement by referring to the example of oak trees. Some thick and fast-growing mature oaks block off much of the sunlight that is necessary for younger ones to grow. Consequently, the yoimger oaks either grow too slowly to replace the old ones, or are invaded by other species.
Secondly, the reading passage claims that fire suppression also contributes to the growth of plants closer to the ground. However, the lecturer argues that those plants now can go wild, take up space of other young trees or native plants, and therefore make it hard for them to grow.
The third benefit brought by controlling forest fires is related to forest animals, especially exemplified by an increase of deer populations, according to the reading passage. In spite of this, the lecturer argues that oak saplings will therefore be very likely to be consumed by these deer before they can even get the chance to grow.
Lastly, the reading passage claims that fires decrease the overall amount of nutrients in the soil, disturbing the growth of ferns, wildflowers, and herbs. However, new scientific evidence suggests that animals and plants burned in the fires will release more nutrients, supporting the recovery of plants.
解析
题目:与过去相比,人们现在更容易保持健康。
这是一个“Agree or Disagree”类型的题目,要求考生判断:与过去相比,人们现在是否更容易保持健康。在文章的开始,应该明确观点,正文应重点提出论据支持自己认同的观点。因为题目包含今昔对比,所以论点可以围绕现在和过去有利或不利于人们保持健康的条件来展开,也可以重点讲述自己的理由。范文采取的结构是先讲现在有利于人们保持健康的条件,然后再对比过去,凸显现在的优势。因为题目关系到公共事务,而不是个人经历,所以最好可以举例来丰富论证。
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