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CROWN-OF-THORNS STARFISH AND CORAL REEFS

游客2024-01-02  13
问题                                         CROWN-OF-THORNS STARFISH AND CORAL REEFS
    (1) The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planet, is large, 25 to 35 centimeters in diameter, and has 7 to 21 arms that are covered in spines. It feeds primarily on coral and is found from the Indian Ocean to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Since the mid-1950s, population outbreaks at densities four to six times greater than normal have occurred at the same time in places such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Panama, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a 50% to nearly 100% of the coral cover over large areas.
    (2) [A] A single Acanthaster can consume 5 to 6 square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to 6 square kilometers per year. [B] Acanthasters show a preference for branching corals, especially Acroporids. [C] After an outbreak in a particular area, it is common to find that Acroporids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. [D] In places where Acroporids previously dominated the community devastation can be almost complete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed.
    (3) Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundance of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundance of coral-feeding fish accompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In 10 to 15 years the reefs often return to about the same percentage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about 20 years.
    (4) Two schools of thought exist concerning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have occurred many times in the past, citing old men’s recollections of earlier outbreaks and evidence from traditional cultures. The other group maintains that recent human activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events.
    (5) One theory, the adult aggregation hypothesis, maintains that most species are more abundant than we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The adult Acanthasters converge on remaining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthasters following large storms, but there is little evidence that the storms have caused the enough reef damage to create a food shortage for these starfish.
    (6) Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundance of Acanthasters after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larvae. The second hypothesis emphasizes the food web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae.
    (7) Those favoring anthropogenic (human influenced) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near centers of human populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the main predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practices would reduce predation on the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instances of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthasters for these hypotheses to be fully supported.
    (8) Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthaster predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthasters could have reduced mortality and caused increased abundance of adults. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how reduced predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several places at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that there are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural processes that have led to outbreaks in the past, but human impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks. [br] According to paragraph 5, what is an important weakness of the adult aggregation hypothesis?
选项 A、It is based on studies of the deeper parts of coral reefs.
B、It fails to explain the abundance of Acanthasters in the deeper parts of coral reefs.
C、It fails to explain why Acanthasters feed hungrily on healthy coral after a storm.
D、It is not supported by evidence that storms result in food shortages for Acanthasters.
答案 D
解析 本题要求根据第5段判断成体聚集假说的一个重要弱点，为事实信息题。从第5段最后一句“但几乎没有证据可以表明暴风雨会对珊瑚礁造成足够大的伤害，从而引起棘冠海星食物的短缺”可判断出，D项。“没有证据表明暴风雨导致了棘冠海星的食物短缺”符合原文说法。A项“它是基于对珊瑚礁更深层次的研究”和B项“它不能解释珊瑚礁更深处的棘冠海星数量更多”均无原文依据。C项“它不能解释为什么风暴过后棘冠海星狼吞虎咽地啃食健康珊瑚”，第5段第1句“当一场风暴摧毁珊瑚并造成了食物短缺时”说明，该假说解释了是因为风暴造成了食物短缺，所以棘冠海星才在风暴过后狼吞虎咽地啃食健康珊瑚，所以这不是该假说的弱点，缺少了支撑的证据才是弱点。
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