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As digital technologies and automation have advanced, fears about workers’ fu

游客2024-01-02  24
问题    As digital technologies and automation have advanced, fears about workers’ futures have increased. But, the end result does not have to be negative. The key is education.
   Already, robots are taking over a growing number of routine and repetitive tasks, putting workers in some sectors under serious pressure. In South Korea, which has the world’s highest density of industrial robots — 631 per 10, 000 workers — manufacturing employment is declining, and youth unemployment is high. In the United States, the increased use of robots has, according to a 2017 study, hurt employment and wages.
   But while technological progress undoubtedly destroys jobs, it also creates them. The invention of motor vehicles largely wiped out jobs building or operating horse-drawn carriages, but generated millions more not just in automobile factories, but also in related sectors like road construction.
   The challenge today lies in the fact that the production and use of increasingly advanced technologies demand new, often higher-level skills, which cannot simply be picked up on the job. Given this, countries need to ensure that all of their residents have access to high-quality education and training programs that meet the needs of the labor market. The outcome of the race between technology and education will determine whether the opportunities presented by major innovations are seized, and whether the benefits of progress are widely shared.
   In a report by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), 66% of executives surveyed were dissatisfied with the skill level of young employees, and 52% said a skills gap was an obstacle to their firm’s performance. Meanwhile, according to a survey, 21% of workers reported feeling over-educated for their jobs.
   This suggests that formal education is teaching workers the wrong things, and that deep reform is essential to facilitate the development of digital knowledge and technical skills, as well as non-routine cognitive and non-cognitive (or "soft") skills. This includes the "four Cs of twenty-first century learning" (critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication) — areas where humans retain a considerable advantage over artificially intelligent machines.
   The process must begin during primary education, because only with a strong foundation can people take full advantage of later education and training. And in the economy of the future, that training will never really end. Given rapid technological progress, improved opportunities for effective lifelong learning will be needed to enable workers to upgrade their skills continuously or learn new ones. At all levels of education, curricula should be made more flexible and responsive to changing technologies and market demands.
   One potential barrier to this approach is a dearth of well-trained teachers. Building a quality teaching force will require both monetary and non-monetary incentives for teachers and higher investment in their professional development.
   This includes ensuring that teachers have the tools they need to take full advantage of information and communication technology (ICT), which is not being used widely, despite its potential to ensure broad access to lifelong learning through formal and informal channels.
   ICT can also help to address shortages of qualified teachers and other educational resources by providing access across long distances, via online learning platforms. For example, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s OpenCourseWare enables students around the world to reach some of the world’s foremost teachers.
   This points to the broader value of international cooperation. The education challenges raised by advancing technologies affect everyone, so countries should work together to address them, including through exchanges of students and teachers and construction and upgrading of ICT infrastructure.
   The artificial intelligence revolution will be hugely disruptive, but it will not make humans obsolete. With revamped education systems, we can ensure that technological progress makes all of our lives more hopeful, fulfilling, and prosperous.
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答案    随着数字技术和自动化技术的发展，人们越来越担忧劳动者的未来。但最终结果未必是负面的，解决问题的关键在于教育。
   机器人已在不断接手越来越多的常规工作和重复任务，使一些行业的工人承受着巨大压力。韩国拥有全球最高的工业机器人密度——每1万名工人就有631个机器人，所以，韩国的制造业就业率不断下降，青年失业率很高。2017年的一项研究表明，在美国，对机器人的使用日益增多，已伤及就业形势和薪酬支付。
   毫无疑问，技术进步毁掉了一些就业机会，但它也创造了一些新的就业机会。机动车的发明曾在很大程度上彻底取消了制造马车或运营马车的工作岗位，但却在汽车工厂和道路建设等相关领域创造了数百万以上的就业岗位。
   当今的挑战在于，生产和使用日益先进的技术需要新的、通常是更高级的技能，而这些技能并不能简单地在工作岗位上学到。因此，各国需要确保本国所有居民都能受到满足劳动力市场需求的高质量教育和培训。技术与教育之间的竞争结果将决定能否抓住重大创新带来的机遇，能否广泛分享进步带来的益处。
   经济学人智库(EIU)的一份调查报告显示，在接受调查的高管中，有66％的人对年轻员工的技能水平感到不满，52％的人表示技能不足妨碍了公司业绩。同时，一项调查显示，21％的员工表示自己的教育程度超过了工作需要。
   这表明，正规教育讲授的内容出现了偏差，因此，很有必要进行深层改革，促进数字知识和技术技能的发展，同时也促进非常规认知技能和非认知(或“软”)技能的发展。这些技能包含“英文以C字母开头的四个二十一世纪学习技能”——critical thinking(批判性思维)、creativity(创造力)、collaboration(协作)和communication(沟通)，而这些技能正是人类一直高于人工智能机器的地方。
   这一教育进程得从小学开始，因为只有在坚实的基础上，才能充分利用之后的教育与培训。未来经济中，这种培训永远不会停止。技术的飞速发展促使劳动者需要更好的机会进行有效的终身学习，这样才能不断提升自身技能或学会新技能。各级教育的课程设置应该更灵活，以满足日新月异的技术与市场需求。
   这一做法的一个潜在障碍就是缺乏训练有素的教师。建设一支高素质的教师队伍不仅需要给予教师经济和非经济的激励，也需要对教师职业发展进行更多投资。
   这包括确保教师拥有充分利用信息通信技术所需的工具，虽然信息通信技术有潜力通过正式与非正式渠道广泛促成终身学习，但当下还未得到普遍应用。信息通信技术还能通过在线学习平台提供远程教育，帮助解决合格教师与其他教育资源短缺的问题。例如，麻省理工学院的开放式课程网页(OpenCourseWare)使世界各地的学生都能接触到世界一流的教师。
   这体现了国际合作具有更广泛的价值。技术不断进步给教育带来了挑战，这影响到每个人，因此，各国应该通力合作来应对这些挑战，例如，通过学生和教师的交换项目、信息通信技术基础设施的建设与升级项目。
   人工智能革命会有巨大的破坏力，但它不会使人类淘汰。随着教育体系的改进，相信技术进步会让我们所有人生活得更加富裕美满，充满希望。
解析 1．Already, robots are taking over a growing number of routine and repetitive tasks，putting workers in some sectors under serious pressure．机器人已在不断接手越来越多的常规工作和重复任务，使一些行业的工人承受着巨大压力。
[技巧分析]理解结构+显化英语形态变化
原文中的现在分词短语putting workers in some sectors under serious pressure是主句的结果状语，所以翻译时加入了“使”字。原文的谓语动词are taking over是现在进行体的形式，翻译时显化了这一形态变化，加入了“不断”。
2．In South Korea，which has the world’s highest density of industrial robots一631 per 10，000 workers—manufacturing employment is declining，and youth unemployment is high．韩国拥有全球最高的工业机器人密度——每1万名工人就有631个机器人，所以，韩国的制造业就业率不断下降，青年失业率很高。
[技巧分析]单独处理定语从句+理解主从关系
原文中含有关系代词which引导的定语从句，先行词是South Korea，由于定语从句较长，翻译时可单独处理为一句话。定语从句和主句是因果关系，翻译时加入了关联词“所以”。
3．In the United States，the increased use of robots has，according to a 2017 study, hurt employment and wages．2017年的一项研究表明，在美国，对机器人的使用日益增多，已伤及就业形势和薪酬支付。
[技巧分析]调整语序+拆分结构
根据汉语习惯，状语according to a 2017 study在译文中应该放在句首。主语the increased use of robots按照汉语流散结构的特点，被拆分出来单独翻译为一句话。
4．The challenge today lies in the fact that the production and use of increasingly advanced technologies demand new, often higher-level skills，which cannot simply be picked up on the job．当今的挑战在于，生产和使用日益先进的技术需要新的、通常是更高级的技能，而这些技能并不能简单地在工作岗位上学到。
[技巧分析]重复先行词
原文中含有关系代词which引导的定语从句，先行词是skills，为了汉语行文通顺流畅，翻译时单独将定语从句处理为一个小句，并重复了先行词。
5．Given this，countries need to ensure that all of their residents have access to high-quality education and training programs that meet the needs of the labor market．因此，各国需要确保本国所有居民都能受到满足劳动力市场需求的高质量教育和培训。
[技巧分析]前置定语从句+选词用词
原文中含有关系代词that引导的定语从句，先行词是education and training programs，该定语从句在翻译时置于先行词前面，符合汉语表达习惯。have access to表示具有干某事的途径、方法或机会，在这里和宾语education and training programs搭配，译为“受到”。
6．The outcome of the race between technology and education will determine whether the opportunities presented by major innovations are seized，and whether the benefits of progress are widely shared．技术与教育之间的竞争结果将决定能否抓住重大创新带来的机遇，能否广泛分享进步带来的益处。
[技巧分析]转换语态
原文中含有两个whether引导的宾语从句，这两个宾语从句都是被动句，为了译文的通顺，需要将被动语态转化为主动语态。
7．This suggests that formal education is teaching workers the wrong things，and that deep reform is essential to facilitate the development of digital knowledge and technical skills，as well as non-routine cognitive and non-cognitive(or“soft”)skills．这表明，正规教育讲授的内容出现了偏差，因此，很有必要进行深层改革，促进数字知识和技术技能的发展，同时也促进非常规认知技能和非认知(或“软”)技能的发展。
[技巧分析]拆分结构+化整为零
原文包含两个that引导的宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的非谓语动词to facilitate引导了两个较长的宾语。英语利用连接词that，and，as well as等连接了这些成分，凸现了英语形合的特点，但是翻译为汉语时，需要拆分结构，化整为零。另外，两个宾语从句之间是因果关系，翻译时加入“因此”，显得更加流畅。
8．This includes the“four Cs of twenty-first century learning”(critical thinking，creativity, collaboration，and communication)—areas where humans retain a considerable advantage over artificially intelligent machines．这些技能包含“英文以C字母开头的四个二十一世纪学习技能”——critical thinking(批判性思维)、creativity(创造力)、collaboration(协作)和communication(沟通)．而这些技能正是人类一直高于人工智能机器的地方。
[技巧分析]考虑读者接受+译者素养
翻译时加入了“英文以C字母开头的”，并将四个C的具体英语词汇一一列于其后，括号内注明汉语译文，这是为了让汉语读者一目了然地了解为什么称之为四个C。翻译时考虑读者接受是译者须具备的基本素养。
9．Given rapid technological progress，improved opportunities for effective lifelong learning will be needed to enable workers to upgrade their skills continuously or learn new ones．技术的飞速发展促使劳动者需要更好的机会进行有效的终身学习，这样才能不断提升自身技能或学会新技能。
[技巧分析]转换语态
原文是一个被动结构，主干是opportunities will be needed，主语improved opportunities for effective lifelong learning较长，所以在翻译时需转换为主动结构。
10．At all levels of education，curricula should be made more flexible and responsive to changing technologies and market demands．各级教育的课程设置应该更灵活，以满足日新月异的技术与市场需求。
[技巧分析]选词用词
原文中curricula should be made是被动结构，翻译时做了意义整合，译为“课程设置”。be responsive to的意思是“对……做出应答或反应”，这里搭配的宾语是demands，所以译为“满足需求”。
11．One potential barrier to this approach is a dearth of well-trained teachers．这一做法的一个潜在障碍就是缺乏训练有素的教师。
[技巧分析]选词用词
a dearth of表示“缺少、缺乏”，相当于a lack of。
12．Building a quality teaching force will require both monetary and non-monetary incentives for teachers and higher investment in their professional development．建设一支高素质的教师队伍不仅需要给予教师经济和非经济的激励，也需要对教师职业发展进行更多投资。
[技巧分析]拆分结构+化整为零
原文中的谓语动词require带了两个由and连接的宾语，比较长，所以翻译时为了符合汉语表达习惯，把该结构拆分成了两部分，并加入关联词“不仅……也……”。
13．This includes ensuring that teachers have the tools they need to take full advantage of information and communication technology(ICT)，which is not being used widely, despite its potential to ensure broad access to lifelong learning through formal and informal channels．这包括确保教师拥有充分利用信息通信技术所需的工具，虽然信息通信技术有潜力通过正式与非正式渠道广泛促成终身学习，但当下还未得到普遍应用。
[技巧分析]调整语序
按照汉语习惯，应该先说让步条件，所以在翻译时前置了despite引导的让步短语。
14．ICT can also help to address shortages of qualified teachers and other educational resources by providing access across long distances，via online learning platforms．信息通信技术还能通过在线学习平台提供远程教育，帮助解决合格教师与其他教育资源短缺的问题。
[技巧分析]调整语序
按照汉语习惯，方式状语在谓语动词之前或主语之前，所以翻译时前置了by和via引导的方式状语。
15．The education challenges raised by advancing technologies affect everyone，so countries should work together to address them，including through exchanges of students and teachers and construction and upgrading of ICT infrastructure．技术的不断进步给教育带来了挑战，这影响到每个人，因此，各国应该通力合作来应对这些挑战，例如，通过学生和教师的交换项目、信息通信技术基础设施的建设与升级项目。
[技巧分析]拆分结构+化整为零
原文主语The education challenges raised by advancing technologies较长，所以翻译时为了使表达更加符合汉语习惯，将主语拆分出来，单独翻译成一个小句，之后加入“这”，和谓语搭配。
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