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  3. What makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better we

What makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better we

游客2023-12-16  28
问题     What makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plants—at least, that is the conclusion of a paper published in Biology Letters by Naomi Cappueeino, of Carleton University, and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada.
    The phenomenon of alien species popping up unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few decades as people and goods become more mobile and plant seeds and animal larvae have hitched along for the ride. Most such aliens blend into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at all—but those failures, of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something goes bananas and starts ttarts to take the place over, and an invasive species is born. Dr. Cappuceino and Dr. Arnason asked themselves why.
    One hypothesis is that aliens leave their predators behind. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. Dr. Cappuccino and Dr. Amason suspected this might be because native predators are sometimes "pre-adapted" to the aliens’ defenees, but in other cases they are not.
    To test this, they had first to establish a reliable list of invaders. That is not as easy as it sounds. As they observe, "although there are many lists of invasive species published by governmental agencies, inclusion of a given species in the lists may not be entirely hee of political motivation". Instead, they polled established researchers in the field of alien species, aski,g each to list ten invasive species and, for comparison, ten aliens that just rubbed along quietly with their neighbours. The result was a list of 21 species widely agreed to be invasive and, for comparison, 18 non-invasive aliens.
    Having established these lists, they went to the library to find out what was known about the plants’ chemistry. Their aim was to find the most prominent chemical weapon in each plant, whether that weapon was directed against insects that might want to eat the plant, bacteria and fungi that might want to infect it, or other plants that might compete for space, water, nutrients and light. Botanists know a lot about which sorts of compounds have what roles, so classifying constituent chemicals in this way was not too hard.
    The researchers then compared the chemical arsenals of their aliens with those of native North American plants, to see if superior (or, at least, unusual) weapomT was the explanation for the invaders’ success. Their hypothesis was that highly invasive species would have chemical weapons not found in native plants, and which pests, parasites and other plants would therefore not have evolved any resistance to. The more benign aliens, by contrast, were predicted to have arsenals also found in at least some native species.
    And so it proved. More than 40% of the invasive species had a chemical unknown to native plants; just over 10% of the non-invasive aliens had such a chemical. Moreover, when they looked at past studies on alien plants that had examined how much such plants suffer from the depredations of herbivorous insects, they found that the extent of the damage reported was significantly conelated with the number of native species with which that alien shared its principal chemical weapon.
    For alien plants, then, the real secret of success—also as in human warfare—is surprise. It is not that the chemicals concerned are more toxic in any general sense (indeed, successful invaders are often rare in their own native habitats). Rather, it is that the locals just don’t see them coming. [br] The expression "something goes bananas" in Paragraph 2 probably means something
选项 A、gets bananas.
B、important happen.
C、becomes crazy.
D、frightening happen.
答案 C
解析 语义题。由题干定位至第二段。第二句指出：这些外来物种大多数都轻而易举地融入了所到之处的生态系统。之后出现了occasionally一词，这与前文的most such aliens构成对比关系，不过，偶尔也有某些物种goes bananas，开始企图占领原有物种的生长空间，一种入侵物 种就这样形成了。显然这里的goes bananas与上一句中的arrive without too much fuss是对比关系，too much fuss的意思是“太大惊小怪”，可以判断goes bananas这个能够引起人们震惊的物种入侵一定是程度比较重，状态疯狂，这与后面的trying to take the place over构成衔接 关系，故[C]符合语境。[A]是对字面肤浅解释，排除；[B]中的important是一个中性词，与take the place over无语义联系，排除；[D]中的frightening不符合语境，这里没有提到人们对 外来物种是否感到害怕。
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