首页
登录
职称英语
David Landes, author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Ric
David Landes, author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Ric
游客
2023-12-16
35
管理
问题
David Landes, author of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, credits the world’s economics and social progress over the last thousand years to "Western civilization and its dissemination." The reason, he believes, is that Europeans invented systematic economic development. Landes adds that two unique aspects of Europeans culture were crucial ingredient in EUrope’s economic growth.
First, Landes espouses a generalized form of Max Weber’s thesis that the values of work, initiative, and investment made the difference for Europe. Despite his emphasis on science, Landes does not stress the notion of rationality as such. In his view, "what counts is work, thrift, honesty, patience, tenacity." The only route to economic success for individuals or states is working hard, spending less than you earn, and investing the rest in productive capacity. This is the fundamental explanation of the problem posed by his book’s subtitle: "Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor." For historical reasons—an emphasis on private property, an experience of political pluralism, a temperate climate, an urban style—Europeans have, on balance, followed those practices and therefore have prospered.
Second, and perhaps most important, Europeans were learners. They "learned rather greedily," as Joel Mokyr put it in a review of Landes’s book. Even if Europeans possessed indigenous technologies that gave them an advantage (spectacles, for example), as Landes believes they did, their most vital asset was the ability to assimilate knowledge from around the world and put it to use—as in borrowing the concept of zero and rediscovering Aristotle’s Logic from the Arabs and taking paper and gunpowder from the Chinese via the Muslim world. Landes argues that a systematic resistance to learning from other cultures had become the greatest handicap of the Chinese by the eighteenth century and remains the greatest handicap of Arab countries today.
Although his analysis of Europeans expansion is almost nonexistent, Landes does not argue that Europeans were beneficent bearers of civilization to a benighted world. Rather, he relies on his own commonsense law: "When one group is strong enough to push another around and stands to gain by it, it will do so." In contrast to the new school of world historians, Landes believes that specific cultural values enabled technological advances that in turn made some Europeans strong enough to dominate people in other parts of the world. Europeans therefore proceeded to do so with great viciousness and cruelty. By focusing on their victimization in this process, Landes holds, some postcolonial states have wasted energy that could have been put into productive work and investment. If one could sum up Landes’s advice to these states in one sentence, it might be "Stop whining and get to work." This is particularly important, indeed hopeful, advice, he would argue, because success is not permanent. Advantages are not fixed, gains from trade are unequal, and different societies react differently to market signals. Therefore, not only is there hope for undeveloped countries, but developed countries have little cause to be complacent, because the current situation "will press hard" on them.
The thrust of studies like Landes’s is to identify those distinctive features of European civilization that lie behind Europe’s rise to power and the creation of modernity more generally. Other historians have placed a greater emphasis on such features as liberty, individualism, and Christianity. In a review essay, the art historian Craig Clunas listed some of the less well known linkages that have been proposed between Western culture and modernity, including the propensities to think quantitatively, enjoy pornography, and consume sugar. All such proposals assume the fundamental aptness of the question: What elements of Europeans civilization led to European success? It is a short leap from this assumption to outright triumphalism. The paradigmatic book of this school is, of course, The End of History and the Last Man, in which Francis Fukuyama argues that after the collapse of Nazism in the twentieth century, the only remaining model for human organization in the industrial and communications ages is a combination of market economics and limited, pluralist, democratic government. [br] Which of the following statements might Landes agree on?
选项
A、Europeans set out to bring civilization to an unfortunate world,
B、The Europeans dominated other countries simply because they were strong.
C、Specific cultural values spurred the Europeans to colonize other countries.
D、The colonized countries were to blame for being victimized by Europeans.
答案
B
解析
细节题。按照题目顺序及选项内容定位至第四段。首句指出:Landes does not argue that Europeans were beneficent hearers of civilization to a benighted world,A与此矛盾,排除。第二句指出欧洲扩张的原因:When one group is strong enough to push another around and stands to gain by it, it will do so.B符合文意,故为答案。第三句中的"specific cultural values enabled technological advances”表明C不符合文意。D未提及,排除。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3278902.html
相关试题推荐
GovernmentsAreTryingA1990UnitedNationssurvey
GovernmentsAreTryingA1990UnitedNationssurvey
GovernmentsAreTryingA1990UnitedNationssurvey
InOctober1949theUnitedNationsbroughtanumberofspecialistsonfoodto
InOctober1949theUnitedNationsbroughtanumberofspecialistsonfoodto
GovernmentsAreTryingA1990UnitedNationssurveyre
Sixty-eightpercentofAmerica’swealthisgeneratedbymanufacturing.Ifthe
Sixty-eightpercentofAmerica’swealthisgeneratedbymanufacturing.Ifthe
Duringthefirsthalfoftheseventeenthcentury,whenthenationsofEurope
Duringthefirsthalfoftheseventeenthcentury,whenthenationsofEurope
随机试题
开向公共走道的窗扇,其底面高度应()。A.≥1.5m B.≥1.8m C.
线性表示,则以下选项中正确的是:
简述上述验证机制中,可能存在哪些安全风险?
影响学生成败的因素很多,有主观的客观的,可控的不可控的。因此,根据归因理论,在帮
叶酸缺乏引起的巨幼细胞性贫血治疗前的直方图表现为( )。A.波峰右移,峰底变宽
变压器并列运行的条件:A.接线组别相同B.电压比相等(允许差5%)C.短路电
面试的开始阶段应从(?)发问,从而营造和谐的面试气氛。A.应聘者擅长回答的问题
简述现代企业人力资源管理各个历史发展阶段的特点。
关于投标保证金的退还,下列说法正确的是()。A、工程建设项目招标人最迟应当在书面
当采用变动单价时,合同中可以约定合同单价调整的情况有()A.工程量发生较大的变
最新回复
(
0
)