首页
登录
职称英语
How to Develop an Outline I . A preliminary outlineA.
How to Develop an Outline I . A preliminary outlineA.
游客
2023-12-13
39
管理
问题
How to Develop an Outline
I . A preliminary outline
A. Definition: a/an (1)______list of topics and subtopics (1)______
covered in the research paper.
B. Two steps to develop a preliminary outline:
1. write down ideas or (2)______in a rough list) (2)______
2. arrange items into major and minor ideas.
II. Revision of the preliminary outline
A. Revise the outline when discovering new material and having
new ideas for the paper.
—Reason: writing a research paper is (3)______; one (3)______
looks back over paragraphs to adjust thinking.
—Result: the outline expands or shrinks throughout the
gathering of data and the writing of drafts.
B. Answer the questions to help evaluate the outline:
1. What is the (4) ______of my research? (4)______
2. What is my thesis?
3. How specialized is my audience?
C. Use (5) ______programs with outlining features as (5)______
automatic formatting.
D. Keep copies of old outlines to avoid (6) ______. (6)______
1. A final outline
A. (7) ______: to enhance organization and coherence (7)______
B. Content; eliminate irrelevant materials: (8)______portions of the outline
(8)______
C. Organization: in line with purposes
— organization types: chronology, cause and effect, process,
definition, (9)______, argumentation (9)______
—bring related materials together logically
—add an effective introduction and a satisfactory conclusion
D. Forms of a final outline
—a topic outline; using noun, gerund and (10) ______phrases (10)______
—a sentence outline: using full sentences
—a paragraph outline: using paragraphs [br]
How to Develop an Outline
Good morning, everyone. Today, we will continue our discussion on how to write a research paper. The focus of our lecture this time centers on how to develop an outline of a research paper. Using an outline can help you organize your material and can also help you discover connections between pieces of information that you weren’t aware of when you first conceived the plan of your paper. It can also make you aware of material that is not really relevant to the purposes of your paper or material that you have covered before and should therefore be removed.
First, before we start writing a research paper, we must make sure what kind of materials should be included, and hence developing a preliminary outline is a must. A preliminary outline might be only an informal list of topics and subtopics which you are thinking of covering in your paper. Sometimes, however, an instructor might require that a preliminary outline be submitted at the beginning of your work; then your instructor might suggest ways in which the work needs to be further developed or cut back. Your instructor might also see that you’re trying to accomplish too much or too little for the scope of the assignment he or she has in mind. Then, how to pin down a preliminary outline?
To develop a preliminary outline, we need to follow two fairly simple steps: first, write down ideas or code words in a rough list and second, give order to the list by arranging items into major and minor ideas. How you finally organize your thesis is a matte of your work habits and the nature of the subject.
After finishing the preliminary outline, you need to revise it during the process of research. You need to bear in mind that the preliminary outline can be revised as you discover new material and get new ideas that ought to go into your paper. Writing a research paper is recursive, which means that you will look back over your paragraphs, adjust your thinking, and move forward again.
The outline expands or shrinks throughout the gathering of data and the writing of drafts. With that in mind, ask yourself the following questions to evaluate your overall plan: first, what is the role of my research? Am I reviewing, discovering, interpreting or theorizing? Second question, what is my thesis? Will my notes and records defend and illustrate my proposition? Is it convincing evidence? Third questions, how specialized is my audience? Do I need to write in a non-technical language or may I assure that the audience is knowledgeable in this field and expects in-depth discussion of substantive issues? Your answers will determine, in part, the type of materials needed. Plus, most word processing programs have outlining features with automatic formatting that make it easy to create and revise outlines. It is a good idea to keep copies of old outlines in a computer folder in case new versions of the outline lead you in false directions that you will later have to abandon. Keeping track of your outlines can avoid going astray.
A final outline should enhance the organization and coherence of your research paper. Instructors sometimes require that a final outline be submitted along with the final version of your paper. Material that is not relevant to the purpose of your paper as revealed in your outline should be eliminated from the paper; if portions of your outline seem weak in comparison to others, more research may be required to create a sense of balance in your argument and presentation. Outlines can be organized according to your purposes. Are you attempting to show the chronology of some historical development, the cause-and-effect relationship between one phenomenon and another, the process by which something is accomplished, or the logic of some position? Are you defining or analyzing something, comparing or contrasting one thing to another .or presenting an argument with one side or both? In any case, try to bring related material together under general headings and arrange sections so they relate logically to each other. An effective introduction will map out the journey your reader is about to take, and a satisfactory conclusion will wrap up the sequence of ideas in a nice package.
Finally, you need to choose an appropriate final outline form. Outlines appear in topic, sentence or paragraph form. Avoid mixing the forms within a given outline. With the topic outline, every heading is a noun phrase or its equivalent, a gerund phrase, or an infinitive phrase. This form is the most popular and establishes precisely the main areas of investigation. Its weakness is brevity because the incomplete headings can hide any organizational problems. A sentence outline includes full sentences that you would transcribe into the draft. Some outline entries can serve as topic sentences for paragraphs, thereby speeding the writing process. In addition, the subject/verb pattern establishes the logical direction of your thinking. A paragraph outline is written with every section as a paragraph or as full paragraphs under noun headings. The dangers of the paragraph outline are twofold: you may try to write the paper when developing only an outline or you may carry weak underdeveloped outline paragraphs directly into the rough draft.
Now, to sum up in today’s lecture, we have reviewed the process of writing an outline of a research paper. First, we need to prepare a preliminary outline that includes topics and subtopics to be covered in the paper; second, the preliminary outline should be revised during the process of writing so that our thinking could be adjusted now and then; the revision of the outline arrives in the finalized version that enhances the organization and coherence of the research paper. OK, this brings us to the end of today’s lecture. Thank you for your attention.
选项
答案
code words
解析
细节题。初步提纲的撰写分两步走:To develop a preliminary outline,we need to follow two fairly simple steps:first,write down ideas or code words in a rough list and second,give order to the list by arranging items into major and minor ideas.考点为第一步;草拟自己想要表达的思想,写下关键词句,因此答案为code words。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/3268853.html
相关试题推荐
Themostobviousandrapidchangeinthedevelopmentofalanguagetakesplacei
The1920sintheUnitedStateswasdescribedasaperiodof______.A、development
Australia,whichisoneoftheworld’sdevelopedcountries,hasbecomerichthro
Themostobviousandrapidchangeinthedevelopmentofalanguagetakesplacei
______approachisastudyoflanguagefromthepointsofviewofitsdevelopment
Inaccordancewiththemissionithassetitselftofurtherthedevelopment
Inaccordancewiththemissionithassetitselftofurtherthedevelopment
Inaccordancewiththemissionithassetitselftofurtherthedevelopment
HowtoDevelopanOutlineⅠ.ApreliminaryoutlineA.De
HowtoDevelopanOutlineⅠ.ApreliminaryoutlineA.De
随机试题
Mostpeopleareawarethatoutdoorairpollutioncandamagetheirhealth,bu
A.加压给氧,准备气管插管 B.静注地塞米松40mg C.静脉缓注罂粟碱90
能被人体消化吸收的碳水化合物是( )。A.果胶 B.纤维素 C.半纤维素
A.荔枝核B.枳实C.青皮D.佛手E.陈皮用于破气消积,化痰除痞的药物是
已购公房指城镇职工根据国家和县级以上地方人民政府有关城镇住房制度改革政策规定,按
如右图所示,一个边长为10厘米的正方体木块ABCD-A1B1C1D1,点E、F分
某市地铁3号线客量非常大,经常超过运营峰值,为此,相关部门5年内设了4条与3号线
世界经济的三大支柱性组织是()。A.粮农组织、世界银行、世界贸易组织 B.
甲公司对投资性房地产采用公允价值模式进行后续计量。2X20年3月1日,该公司将一
急性腹膜炎腹痛的特点A、疼痛阵发加剧 B、病人转侧不安 C、指不出确切部位
最新回复
(
0
)