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Globalisation is the more or less simultaneous marketing and sale of identic

游客2023-12-12  23
问题     Globalisation is the more or less simultaneous marketing and sale of identical goods and services around the world. So widespread has the phenomenon become over the past two decades that no one is surprised any more to find Coca-Cola in rural Vietnam, Accenture in Tashkent and Nike shoes in Nigeria. The statistic that perhaps best reflects the growth of globalization is the value of cross-border world trade expressed as a percentage of total global GDP: it was around 15% in 1990, is some 20% today and is expected by McKinsey & Company, a consulting firm, to rise to 30% by 2015.
    Use of the word in this business context is alleged to go back at least as far as 1944, but its first very visible appearance was in the writings of Theodore Levitt, a professor of marketing whose article published by Harvard Business Review in 1983 was entitled "The Globalization of Markets". In it he foresaw "the emergence of global markets for standardised products on a previously unimagined scale of magnitude".
    In "Can We Sustain Globalization?", a report published in 2007 by SustainAbility, a consulting firm, the authors wrote: Frustratingly Levitt did not provide a compelling definition of globalization in his article — and the void has subsequently encouraged a dizzying proliferation of competing definitions.
    The report claims to have come across more than 5,000 of them. SustainAbility’s favourite is one provided by two Economist journalists. Globalization, they wrote, "is the freer movement of goods, services, ideas and people around the world".
    The concept was popularised by an American journalist, Thomas Friedman, in his book The World is Flat. Published in 2005, it reached the top of several bestseller lists with its headline message that the world is now just one big integrated market.
    Globalization has been encouraged by: the growing liberalization of markets around the world, giving western multinationals access to customers they never thought they would reach; easy internet access and cheap international telecommunications, the most obvious manifestation of which is call centres in India that are servicing customers and corporations in Europe and the United States; the rapid growth of large developing countries such as China, India and Brazil, and their growing demand not only for western consumer goods and technologies but also for goods and services from other developing countries. Trade between China and Africa, for instance, rose from $3 billion in 1995 to over $32 billion in 2005.
    Companies have approached globalization in two distinct ways. On the one hand are those such as Gillette and Heineken that have made little concession to local tastes and manufacture their goods in a few centralized production facilities that follow strictly uniform standards. "The product must be the same everywhere," wrote a Heineken chairman recently. "To ensure quality, every 14 days our breweries send samples to professional tasters in the Netherlands."
    On the other hand are companies that tailor their products or services for each local market. Among them are Japanese carmakers such as Toyota, which now has plants in several countries producing for local markets, and Coca-Cola, which never tastes quite the same from one country to the next. A former chief executive of Coca-Cola admitted that the company had once upon a time changed its globalization strategy. "We used to be an American company with a large international business," he said. "Now we’re a large international company with a sizeable American business." [br] What is mentioned as a reason why the world market is being globalized?
选项 A、The developing countries can get goods and services from western countries only.
B、Some western multinationals are eager to reap profits from other countries.
C、The developed countries depend more on resources of the developing countries.
D、The world is becoming more connected through internet and telecommunications.
答案 D
解析 事实细节题。 文章第六段谈到市场全球化的三个促成因素， 第一， 全球市场自由化：第二，便捷的互联网和低廉的电子通信；第三， 发展中国家和西方国家以及其他发展中国家之间的联系日益密切。纵观四个选项， 选项[D]表示的正是第二个促成因素， 因此是正确答案。 第六段最后一句说明发展中国家不仅可以从西方国家也可以从其他发展中国家那儿取得所需的商品和服务， 所以[A]错误：文章中并没有提到西方跨国公司是为了从其他国家获取利益才把市场全球化的，也没有提及西方国家发展需要依赖发展中国家的资源，排除[B]和[C]。
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