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  3. There are more than 300 million of us in the United States, and sometimes it

There are more than 300 million of us in the United States, and sometimes it

游客2023-12-03  20
问题     There are more than 300 million of us in the United States, and sometimes it seems like we’re all friends on Facebook. But the sad truth is that Americans are lonelier than ever. Between 1985 and 2004, the number of people who said there was no one to discuss important matters with tripled, to 25 percent, according to Duke University researchers. Unfortunately, as a new study linking women to increased risk of heart disease shows, all this loneliness can be detrimental to our health.
    The bad news doesn’t just affect women. Social isolation in all adults has been linked to a raft of physical and mental ailments, including sleep disorders, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of depression and suicide. How lonely you feel today actually predicts how well you’ll sleep tonight and how depressed you’ll feel a year from now, says John T. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago and coauthor of Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. Studies have shown that loneliness can cause stress levels to rise and can weaken the immune system. Lonely people also tend to have less healthy lifestyles, drinking more alcohol, eating more fattening food, and exercising less than those who are not lonely.
    Though more Americans than ever are living alone(25 percent of U. S. households, up from 7 percent in 1940), the connection between single-living and loneliness is in fact quite weak. " Some of the most profound loneliness can happen when other people are present," says Harry Reis, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. Take college freshmen: even though they’re surrounded by people almost all the time, many feel incredibly isolated during the first quarter of the school year with their friends and family members far away, Cacioppo says. Studies have shown that how lonely freshmen will feel can be predicted by how many miles they are from home. By the second quarter, however, most freshmen have found social replacements for their high-school friends. Unfortunately, as we age, it becomes more difficult to recreate those social relationships. And that can be a big problem as America becomes a more transient society, with an increasing number of Americans who say that they’re willing to move away from home for a job.
    Loneliness can be relative: it has been defined as an aversive emotional response to a perceived discrepancy between a person’s desired levels of social interaction and the contact they’re actually receiving. People tend to measure themselves against others, feeling particularly alone in communities where social connection is the norm. That’s why collectivist cultures, like those in Southern Europe, have higher levels of loneliness than individualist cultures, Cacioppo says. For the same reason, isolated individuals feel most acutely alone on holidays like Christmas Eve or Thanksgiving, when most people are surrounded by family and friends.
    Still, loneliness is a natural biological signal that we all have. Indeed, loneliness serves an adaptive purpose, making us protect and care for one another. Loneliness essentially puts the brain on high alert, encouraging us not to eat leftovers from the refrigerator but to call a friend and eat out. Certain situational factors can trigger loneliness, but long-term feelings of emptiness and isolation are partly genetic, Cacioppo says. What’s inherited is not loneliness itself, but rather sensitivity to disconnection.
    Social-networking sites like Facebook and MySpace may provide people with a false sense of connection that ultimately increases loneliness in people who feel alone. These sites should serve as a supplement, but not replacement for face-to-face interaction, Cacioppo says. He compares connecting on a Website to eating celery: It feels good immediately, but it doesn’t give you the same sustenance. For people who feel satisfied and loved in their day-to-day life, social media can be a reassuring extension. For those who are already lonely, Facebook status updates are just a reminder of how much better everyone else is at making friends and having fun.
    Michael J. Bugeja, a professor of communications at Iowa State University and author of Interpersonal Divide: The Search for Community in a Technological Age, says that the encroachment of digital communication into our social lives can amplify feelings of isolation.
    According to Cacioppo, there’s no magic number for the number of friends you need to avoid loneliness. An introvert might need one confidante not to feel lonely, whereas an extrovert might require two, three, or four bosom buddies. Experts say it’s not the quantity of social relationships but the quality that really matters. "The most popular kid in school may still feel lonely," Cacioppo says. "There are a lot of stars who have been idols and lived lonely lives. " [br] Cacioppo holds that______.
选项 A、sites like Facebook serve as a good supplement for face-to-face communication
B、eating celery makes you feel good immediately, but brings no sustainable pleasure
C、it varies from people to people for the number of friends needed to avoid loneliness
D、popular kids in school and super stars are the loneliest people in the world
答案 C
解析 事实细节题。根据末段首句可知，Cacioppo认为到底需要有多少朋友就不会感到寂寞，并没有确切的数字，文中后面又提到内向的人和外向的人需要排解孤独的朋友数量就很不一样，即数目是因人而异的，故[C]“不同的人需要不同数量的朋友来排解寂寞”为答案。根据第六段第二句可知，Cacioppo认为这些社交网站应该担当辅助面对面交际的工具，而非取代面对面互动，[A]“像脸书这样的网站是对面对面沟通的很好的补充”中去掉了原文中的should，意思就与原文截然不同了，故排除；第六段第三句是Cacioppo对网络社交的一个比喻描述，[B]试图解释其字面意思，但理解错误，把…the same sustenance(同样的营养)曲解为sustainable pleasure(持续的愉悦感)，故排除；根据末段最后两句可知，Cacioppo指出学校里备受欢迎的孩子可能仍然感到孤独，许多偶像级的明星或许过着孤单的生活，此处Cacioppo只是举例论证自己的观点，并没有说这两个群体是世界上最孤独的人，故排除[D]“学校里备受瞩目的孩子及超级明星是世界上最孤独的人群”。
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