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  3. Water shortages plague a fifth of southern Europe. And with temperatures in

Water shortages plague a fifth of southern Europe. And with temperatures in

游客2023-12-03  72
问题     Water shortages plague a fifth of southern Europe. And with temperatures in the region forecast to rise several degrees this century — reducing rainfall another 30% — things will only get worse. Several thousand miles to the northwest, however, global warming is increasing the number of icebergs calving off Greenland: they now number about 15,000 a year. An iceberg is a floating reservoir. Water from icebergs is the purest water, which was formed some 10,000 years ago. All those bergs eventually dissolve in the ocean’s brine. Why not capture and haul some of them to Europe’s arid south?
    The idea of towing icebergs to the world’s thirstiest regions goes back to the 1950s. Georges Mougin, a French engineer and eco-entrepreneur, began looking seriously at the concept in the mid-1970s. Technologies to handle such a massive undertaking didn’t exist then. But they do now, thanks to Mougin, who at 86 is still working full tilt. A few years ago, he came up with the idea to enclose the bottom half of an iceberg with a skirt fashioned from insulating geotextile material to reduce melting en route. Then he imagined a scenario in which ocean currents could be used to help steer the tugboat pulling the iceberg and drastically reduce fuel consumption — a principle Mougin calls assisted drift. But a trial tow of a 7 million-ton iceberg would cost about $10 million — a sum that chilled investors.
    The problem was that he couldn’t show them his vision — until now. Thanks to a virtual-reality boost from French software company Dassault Systemes, he can simulate an iceberg’s entire journey from Newfoundland to the Canary Islands. The collaboration is part of an effort by Dassault, which sells high-end product-testing software to such companies as Boeing and Toyota, to offer modeling expertise to researchers like Mougin whose lofty ideas often dwarf their budgets.
    Two years ago, Dassault placed its 3-D imaging technologies and 15 of its engineers at Mougin’s disposal. Many hours and algorithms later, the team concluded recently that Mougin’s big idea would work. One standard-size tug traveling at 1 knot, using assisted drift, could get a skirted 7 million-ton berg to the Canaries in about 141 days with only 38% of it melting. Better yet, larger bergs would lose proportionately less, because the amount of ice that melts off the sides is fairly static.
    Mougin was inspired to approach Dassault after watching a documentary that used the company’s 3-D modeling to bring to life architect Jean-Pierre Houdin’s theory on how the Great Pyramid of Giza was built. Dassault believes sharing the modeling software is a high-profile way to show off the cool things its products can do while simultaneously supporting scientific inquiry. "It’s a way to contribute to the community of innovators," says Cedric Simard, project director. Aside from supporting innovators, Dassault gives the software to French and U.S. programs aimed at improving science, technology and engineering education in schools.
    Engineers on the iceberg project charted the journey under numerous scenarios. The model relied heavily on historical meteorologic and oceanographic data as well as forecasts in real time culled from satellites, buoys and balloons. Temperature, salinity, winds, swells, currents and eddies were all calculated: the model even factored in a fierce storm on day 22 of a trip. The model was also able to track the melt rate and the tugboat’s fuel consumption.
    Using 3-D glasses, Mougin’s team virtually examined the berg from all angles and inspected both the insulation skirt and the seine used to capture and tow it. While ultimately proving Mougin’s theories were correct, the simulation wasn’t without drama. Indeed, the first trial was a disaster, which confirmed the wisdom of modeling. The simulated tug hit a huge eddy and spent a month circling in place before moving on, resulting in too much melting and heavy fuel consumption. Despite some initial hand-wringing, the necessary fix proved quite simple: moving the departure date from mid-May to mid-June.
    The next step for Mougin is to secure funding — from $2.96 million to $4.44 million — for a pilot study using a smaller fragment of ice to give the theory a real-world test. He and Wadhams got an encouraging response but no money when they sought a European Union grant a few years ago, but that was before the Dassault simulation. They expect the 3-D visuals will improve their chances of landing a grant or a commercial partner.
    Mougin hopes to launch the pilot test next year and advance to a full-scale trial a year or two later. He’s also confident of the gambit’s commercial potential and has formed a company called WPI to exploit it. After nearly 40 years of effort, Mougin anticipates serving frozen drinks en masse soon. [br] The writer’s attitude towards the idea of towing icebergs is______.
选项 A、favourable
B、ambiguous
C、critical
D、reserved
答案 A
解析 观点题。从全文语义判断，作者对开采冰山持赞同态度。B、C、D与全文语境不符。
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