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  3. (1) In a sunny room in a small apartment in the Tokyo satellite town of Kunit

(1) In a sunny room in a small apartment in the Tokyo satellite town of Kunit

游客2023-11-25  17
问题    (1) In a sunny room in a small apartment in the Tokyo satellite town of Kunitachi lies Yasuyuki Ibaraki, eyes closed and breathing laboured. Yukio Miyazaki, his doctor, who visits fortnightly from a local clinic, suspects that he does not have much time left: he has brain damage from a cerebral infarction (脑梗死) , a tumour in his digestive system and is unable to swallow or talk. Reiko, bis wife, feeds him through a tube to his stomach and clears phlegm (痰) from his throat. "He is from a close-knit family and is a quiet man, so I think it is better for him to be here rather than in a hospital," she says, over green tea and grapes.
   (2) Life expectancy in Japan is the highest in the world, at 84. This is good news for its people, but means that an ever-higher share of the population is elderly. Fully 28% of Japanese are older than 65, compared with 15% of Americans and 21% of Germans. More old people, in turn, means higher health-care costs. Last year the government budgeted ￥ 15trn ($138bn, or 15% of its total expenditure) for health care and nursing, excluding the charges it levies for the public health-insurance scheme. With public debt at 250% of GDP, and debt service consuming a further 24% of spending, the government is looking desperately for ways to cut costs. It reckons caring for people at home is one of its best options.
   (3) All Japanese pay a monthly premium to the public insurance scheme, either through their employer or the local municipality. In return they are entitled to treatment and drugs from public and private doctors and hospitals, although they must also pay a portion of the cost of treatment (a co-payment, in American parlance) , subject to a cap. In 2000 Japan introduced an additional public insurance scheme for long-term care for those over 65, into which people must pay from the age of 40. It works the same way. The premiums and co-payments cover around 60% of the cost of the services provided: the government pays for the rest. And it is the old who cost the most. The government reckons that the average annual cost of health care for someone over 75 is ￥942,000, compared with just ￥221,000 for everyone else.
   (4) By the standards of ageing nations, Japan has managed to curb medical costs fairly well, says Naoki Ikegami of St Luke’s International University in Tokyo. The government sets fees for services to keep costs down (although that encourages providers to perform unnecessary procedures to make more money: Japan has more CT scanners relative to its population than any other country). It has also promoted the use of generic drugs, which are cheaper.
   (5) Nonetheless, the country has crept up to sixth place in the OECD’s ranking of the share of GDP spent on health care, behind France and America, but ahead of Italy and South Korea—two other ageing countries. It is not just that the number of old people is increasing: spending per person is rising, too, as people live longer with diseases like Alzheimer’s (阿尔茨海默症) and diabetes.
   (6) Japan has promoted home care for many years, but it is pushing it harder now. The policy is especially beneficial given that the average hospital stay in Japan is three times longer than in the Netherlands, for instance. The health ministry reckons that 1m people will receive care at home in 2025—one-and-a-half times the current total. The number of special nursing units exclusively for home visits has risen from 7,473 in 2014 to 10,418 in 2018.
   (7) Last year a government panel suggested raising the amount doctors are paid for home visits and making consultations conducted via video-conferencing services eligible, too. It also proposed new rules to encourage care at home. Hospitals should be obliged to talk to social services when they discharge a patient, for example.
   (8) Some municipalities are already offering good care in the community. Onomichi, a small provincial city that is even older than the country as a whole, is one. Its medical facilities have 15-minute "care conferences" with doctors, nurses, family members and even dentists, to discuss how they will go about looking after people. "It used to be hard for hospitals to tell a patient to return home as there was no system for that: that has changed," says Hisashi Katayama, a doctor.
   (9) Community care for specific diseases is improving, too. Take dementia (痴呆), which currently affects 5m Japanese (4% of the population) , and will afflict 6% -7% by 2030. Rather than provide only institutional care and medicine, some towns, such as Matsudo, north-east of Tokyo, have set up cafes to offer advice and companionship to patients and their carers. Day centres that give respite to families tending to elderly relatives are common. Much more could be done: only 13% of Japanese die at home, although most say they want to.
   (10) But more widespread home care will not be enough to make Japan’s health care affordable. The government of Shinzo Abe wants to revamp the social-security system, which it reckons will help reduce health-care costs. Raising the retirement age, for example, will keep people active, healthier and paying tax for longer. The government also wants to try to reduce the incidence of diseases that affect older people, but have their origins in behaviour at a younger age. "We have tended to focus on the old, but we need to look at the younger to prevent disease," says Kazumi Nishikawa of the economy ministry. He is particularly focused on giving people more information on what causes diabetes, which is on the rise in Japan, or exercises that can stem the progression of dementia.
   (11) People are likely to have to pay more for health care, too. Co-payments for many of those over 75 are only 10% , compared with 30% for everyone else. The government should start by doubling that to 20% , says Shigefumi Kawamoto, managing director of Kenporen, the national federation of health-insurance societies. "Some elderly people don’t have resources, but many do," he avers (断言). The government could exclude some items from coverage, he says, such as over-the-counter drugs.
   (12) Meanwhile, back in Kunitachi, Dr Miyazaki talks to Reiko about her husband’s condition. She is worried that her husband is getting worse, she says, and is anxious between visits. The doctor promises to come weekly from now on. [br] Which of the following measures to modify the social-security system does the Japanese government think could contribute to health-care cost reduction?
选项 A、To defer the retirement age.
B、To lower the chance of developing terminal diseases.
C、To educate people more about diabetes.
D、To encourage the old to take moderate physical exercise.
答案 A
解析 细节理解题。根据题干定位至第十段。该段第二句提到安倍晋三政府想要改进社会保障体系，它认为这将有助于降低医疗保健费用，紧接着下一句列举了相关措施：提高退休年龄会让人们积极活跃、更加健康、纳税时间更长，由此可知，日本政府认为延迟退休年龄的这项社会保障体系改进措施有助于降低医疗保健费用，故A为答案。该段第四句提到政府还想尽量降低某些疾病的发病率，并指出这些疾病是老年人才患有的，其根源又在于他们年轻时的行为，而不是指绝症，故排除B；最后一句提到了他尤其侧重于向人们提供更多关于日本发病率上升的糖尿病病因的信息，或者是关于能阻止老年痴呆进展的锻炼的信息，但这是经济产业省的Kazumi Nishikawa的观点，而不是日本政府考虑的社会保障体系改进措施，故C和D均排除。
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