2. 职称英语
  3. During the 1970’s and 1980’s political extremism and terrorism frequently fo

During the 1970’s and 1980’s political extremism and terrorism frequently fo

游客2023-09-16  22
问题     During the 1970’s and 1980’s political extremism and terrorism frequently focused on ’national liberation’ and economic issues. The collapse of the Soviet Union, and the ending of its covert funding and encouragement of terrorism led to a decline in the militant and violent left-wing terrorist groups that were a feature of the age.
    The 1990’s have seen the development of a ’new terrorism’. This is not to say that state-backed terror- ism has ceased, but rather that the spectrum of terrorism has widened, This new extremism frequently driven by religious fervor, is transnational, sanctions extreme violence, and may often be millennialism. The new terrorism may seek out military or government targets, but it also seeks out symbolic civilian targets, and the victims have mostly been innocent civilians. Growing concern about this new terrorism has been paralleled by concern about the employment of the new information and communication technologies(ICT’s). ICT’s offer a new dimension for political extremists and terrorists. They allow the diffusion of command and control; they allow boundless new opportunities for communication, and they allow the players to target the information stores, processes and communications of their opponents, The sophistication of the modern nation-state, and its dependency on computer-based ICT’s, make the state ever more vulnerable.
    The use of ICT’s to influence, modify, disrupt or damage a nation state, its institutions or population by influencing the media, or by subversion, has been called ’net-war’. The full range of weapons in the cyberspace armory can be employed in net-war; from propaganda campaigns at one level to interference with databases and networks at the other. What particularly distinguishes net-war from other forms of war is that it targets information and communications, and may be used to alter thinking or disrupt planned actions. In this sense it can be distinguished from earlier forms of warfare-economic wars that target the means of production, and political wars that target leadership and government.
    Net-war is therefore of particular interest to those engaged in non-military war, or those operating at sub-state level. Clearly nation states might also consider it, as an adjunct to military war or as an option prior to moving on to military war. So far, however, it appears to be of greater interest to extremist advocacy groups and terrorists. Because there are no physical limits or boundaries, net-war has been adopted by groups who operate across great distances or transnationally. The growth of such groups, and their growing powers in relation to those of nation states, suggests an evolving power-based relationship for both. Military strategist Martin Van Creveld has suggested that war in the future is more likely to be waged between such groups and states rather than between states and states.
选项 A、the support of the state
B、its scope
C、its means of violence
D、its target of attack
答案 B
解析 本题测试事实细节。重点是找寻相关信息。原文第二段第二句谈到九十年代恐怖主义的spectrum(范围)扩大了。我们可以得知B是正确答案。
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