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Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship

游客2023-09-11  39
问题     Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.
    Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer. All a programmer has to do is to give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess-- literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.
    Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation —in a word, to "think" for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.
    There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it. But there are many serious human problems, which can be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems --international and interpersonal relations, ecology and economics, and the ever-increasing threat of world famine can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers. [br] According to the passage, computers can not be used to ______.
选项 A、solve the threat of world famine
B、ease international tension
C、defeat world champion chess player
D、work out solutions to the industrial problems
答案 D
解析 在文章最后一段的最后两句“Other problems—international and interpersonal relations，ecology and economics，and the ever-increasing threat of world famine —can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers”作者认为许多的国际问题，人事问题，环境和经济问题以及不断增加的世界性的饥荒问题，都可以在计算机和人类的共同努力下得以解决，该题的题于是问计算机不能做什么事情，所以根据上面两句话，我们就可以排除A和B，因为A表示计算机不能帮助解决世界饥荒问题，而B表示计算机不能解决国际关系紧张问题。而文章第三段第三句“Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players，but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks”则表明计算机还没打败过世界冠军，但是已经打败了级别很低的一些选手，根据这样的叙述，答案C也可以被排除。因此我们选Dwork out solutions to the industrial problems。因为文章中并没有提及计算机能帮着解决工业上的问题。
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