首页
登录
职称英语
The desire for achievements is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scient
The desire for achievements is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scient
游客
2023-09-08
57
管理
问题
The desire for achievements is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes to studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning, compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavor. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for a half century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of "positive reinforcement" have long since lost their way in academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of trash out. Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interest in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you will make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging and diminishing performance, "our society is caught in a whopping paradox,’’ asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book published by Rewards (Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. "We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems--damaging rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people--is partly responsible for the fix we’re in."
It’s a tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is in- volved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns. [br] Skinnerian psychology advocates______.
选项
A、performance
B、stimulus and response
C、human factors
D、effectiveness
答案
B
解析
根据题干关键词Skinnerian psychology定位到原文第二段。既然斯金纳理论是一种奖励和激励理论,它提倡的肯定是通过某种刺激来引导出某种特定的反应,所以B项正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2995355.html
相关试题推荐
Noiseentersourearsaspowerfulwavesofmechanicalenergy.Scientistsmea
Noiseentersourearsaspowerfulwavesofmechanicalenergy.Scientistsmea
______(即使计算是正确的),scientistscanneverbesurethattheyhaveincludedallvar
[originaltext]TheWorldSocialForummetforthefirsttimeattheendofl
[originaltext]TheWorldSocialForummetforthefirsttimeattheendofl
Scientistsestimate______(还要过很多年这种药才能用在人身上).itwillbemanyyearsbeforethe
Themoretimescientistsspenddesigningcomputers,themoretheymarvelat
Themoretimescientistsspenddesigningcomputers,themoretheymarvelat
Controversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1992overtheuseo
Controversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1992overtheuseo
随机试题
DearSir:I’mgratefulfortheopportunitytoworkforyouandIenjoyofdoi
[originaltext]M:Haveyouheardaboutthenewrestaurant—ThePearl?SusanandI
男,58岁。2天来腹痛、呕吐,内容物为发酵食物。既往十二指肠溃疡史。最可能出现的
女,51岁。平素头晕耳鸣,腰酸,突发半身不遂,口眼歪斜,言语不利,手指动,舌质红
体外冲击碎石两次的间隔时间至少要大于()。A.3天 B.5天 C.7天
下列属于中性点电容隔直/电阻限流装置控制电源故障现象的是()(A)测控装置发
下列属于人流组织中平面组织方式适用范围的是()。A.中小型公共建筑 B.
A、B、C、D、E、F六个小朋友做游戏,每轮游戏都按照下面的箭头方向把原来手里的
在( )产生的时候,交易量可能不会增加,但如果增加的话,则通常表明一个强烈的趋势
期货市场可对冲现货市场价格风险的原理是()。A.期货与现货价格变动趋势相反,且临
最新回复
(
0
)