[originaltext] Fear, anger, hate and sadness are four emotions that can affe

Fear, anger, hate and sadness are four emotions that can affect how we think and how we act. When we are under pressure-mental or physical-our emotions are even more difficult to control.
    But what if there was a quick and easy plan for dealing with your emotions every time you faced a stressful situation? Well, there may be such a plan. And it involves a grammatical term: third person singular. Jason Moser is a clinical psychologist and neuroscientist. He serves as an associate professor of psychology at Michigan State University.
    Moser says that talking to yourself in the third-person seems to put a kind of psychological distance between you and your emotions.
    He thinks this distance is all some people need to control how they react to stress. And he thinks that distance from the self towards others gives people different perspectives. It allows them to manage stress better. Talking to yourself in the third-person is like giving yourself advice.
    Moser uses himself in an example. He does not like flying, but he must fly often for his work. So, when he is feeling nervous or afraid during a flight, he talks to himself-only silently.  “And what I find myself doing, if I use third-person self-talk, is that I then start kind of giving myself advice. I start saying, ‘Well, you know, Jason knows air travel is very safe. And Jason’s been on thousands of flights before with no issue.’ And so this little bit of psychological distance you gain by using your own name—it’s almost as if you’re giving advice to somebody else even though it really does end up being you you’re giving advice to.”
    Moser admits that talking out loud to yourself could look and sound strange to other people. So, he suggests using your brain and having that discussion inside your head.
    Thinking through that dialogue enables you to use this strategy anytime, anywhere. Moser’s research came from his desire as a mental health expert to help patients. Moser felt helpless when his patients were unable to use strategies, he would suggest to them. He wanted to find a method that people could easily use to control their emotions.
    Moser says that simply telling people suffering from depression to think differently is not enough. Brain imaging tests show that it takes great effort for these people to change their way of thinking. And so, he is always looking for something that’s easier and quicker for people to do in the moment.
    Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
    16. What is the speaker talking about?
    17. How does talking to yourself in the third-person help control your reaction to stress?
    18. What drove Moser to do the research?