首页
登录
职称英语
Measuring Human Behavior Psychological Testing is t
Measuring Human Behavior Psychological Testing is t
游客
2023-07-30
47
管理
问题
Measuring Human Behavior
Psychological Testing is the measurement of some aspect of human behavior by procedures consisting of carefully prescribed con tent, methods of administration, and interpretation. The test may address any aspect of intellectual or emotional functioning, including personality traits, attitudes, intelligence, or emotional concerns. Interpretation is based on a comparison of the individual’s responses with those previously obtained to establish appropriate standards for the test scores. The usefulness of psychological tests depends on their accuracy in predicting behavior. By providing information about the probability of a person’s responses or performance, tests aid in making a variety of decisions.
The primary drive behind the development of the major tests used today was the need for practical guidelines for solving social problems. The first useful intelligence test was prepared in 1905 by the French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. The two developed a 30item scale to ensure that no child could be denied instruction in the Paris school system without formal examination. In 1916, the American psychologist Lewis Terman produced the first Stanford Revision of the BinetSimon scale to provide comparison standards for Americans from age three to adulthood. The test was further revised in 1937 and 1960, and today the Stanford Binet remains one of the most widely used intelligence tests.
The need to classify soldiers during World War I resulted in the development of two group intelligence tests—Army Alpha and Army Beta. To help detect soldiers who might break down in combat, the American psychologist Robert Woodworth designed the Personal Data Sheet, a forerunner of the modern personality inventory. During the 1930s controversies over the nature of intelligence led to the development of the WechslerBellevue Intelligence Scale, which not only provided an index of general mental ability but also revealed patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses. The Wechsler tests now extend from the preschool through the adult age range and are at least as prominent as the StanfordBinet.
As interest in the newly emerging field of psychoanalysis grew in the 1930s, two important projective techniques introduced systematic ways to study unconscious motivation: the Rorschach or inkblot testdeveloped by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach—using a series of inkblots on cards, and a storytelling procedure called the Thematic Apperception Testdeveloped by the American psychologists Henry A. Murray and C. D. Morgan. Both of these tests are frequently included in contemporary personality assessment.
In educational settings, intelligence and achievement tests are administered routinely to assess individual accomplishment and to improve instruction and curriculum planning. Elementary schools use kindergarten and firstgrade screening procedures to determine readiness for reading and writing programs. Screening tests also identify developmental, visual, and auditory problems for which the child may need special assistance. If the child’s progress in school is un usually slow, or if he or she shows signs of a learning disability or behavior disorder, testing may clarify whether the difficulty is neurologically or emotionally based. Many high schools administer interest inventories and aptitude tests to assist in the students’ educational or vocational planning.
In clinics or hospitals, psychological tests may be administered for purposes of diagnosis and treatment planning. Clinical tests can provide information about overall personality functioning and the need for psychotherapy; testing also may focus of some specific question, such as the presence or absence of organically based brain disorder. Clinical testing usually involves a battery of test, interpreted as a whole, to describe intellectual and emotional states. Decisions about treatment do not depend exclusively on psychological test results but are based on the judgment of relevant staff members with whom the psychologist collaborates.
Tests are also used in industrial and organizational settings, primarily for selection and classification. Selection procedure provides guidelines for accepting or rejecting candidates for jobs. Classification procedures, which are more complex, aim to specify the types of positions for which an individual seems best suited. Intelligence testing is usually supplemented by methods devised expressly to meet the needs of the organization.
The major psychological testing controversies stem from two interrelated issues: technical shortcomings in test design and ethical problems in interpretation and application of results. Some technical weaknesses exist in all tests. Because of this, it is crucial that results be viewed as only one kind of information about any individual. Most criticisms of testing arise from the overvaluation of and inappropriate reliance on test results in making major life decisions. These criticisms have been particularly relevant in the case of intelligence testing. Psychologists generally agree that using tests to bar youngsters from educational opportunities, without careful consideration of past and present resources or motivation, is unethical. Because tests tend to draw on those skills associated with white, mid dieclass functioning, they may discriminate against disadvantaged and minority groups. As long as unequal learning opportunities exist, they will continue to be reflected ii1 test results. The American Psychological Association continues to work actively to monitor and refine ethical standards and public policy recommendations regarding the use of psychological testing. [br] This passage is mainly about the development of psychological tests and their practical use.
选项
A、Y
B、N
C、NG
答案
A
解析
本文除了第一段给出“心理测试”的定义,以及最后一段谈到“心理测试”引人争议的两个方面外,其余部分都是谈它的发展过程以及在各个不同领域的使用情况。所以这句话正确。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2882535.html
相关试题推荐
【B1】[br]【B2】[audioFiles]audio_eufm_j53_007(20082)[/audioFiles]psychological
【B1】[br]【B17】A、contrastingB、comparingC、matchingD、measuringB这里指通过比较别人的生活经历以
Internetaddiction,likealcoholismordrugaddiction,isabehavioraladdiction
Internetaddiction,likealcoholismordrugaddiction,isabehavioraladdiction
Internetaddiction,likealcoholismordrugaddiction,isabehavioraladdiction
Internetaddiction,likealcoholismordrugaddiction,isabehavioraladdiction
Internetaddiction,likealcoholismordrugaddiction,isabehavioraladdiction
Internetuseappearstocauseadeclineinpsychologicalwell-being,accordi
Specificdirectionischaracterizedby______.[br]Behaviormodificationisdif
【B1】[br]【B8】A、eyesB、peersC、parentsD、behaviorsB问义辨析题。根据下一句中的intheirparent
随机试题
Ofthemanyfactorsthatcontributetopoorperformanceonstandardizedtest
有关.NET框架的描述,()是错误的。A.VisualStudio.NET是
对于银屑病叙述,不恰当的是A.肘膝对称发生 B.好发于四肢伸侧 C.皮疹特点
在对个人客户进行融资融券业务客户的征信调查时,有关个人客户证券投资经验及风险偏好
手足三阳经交接于A:头B:手C:足D:胸E:腹
根据乔顿乘数模型,假如某国去年发行的基础货币为10亿美元,活期存款的法定准备金率
患儿,女,7岁。以先天性心脏病收入院第1天,拟行手术治疗。当天晚上夜班护士查房时
变压器出现以下哪些情况,应紧急停运()A.变压器内部声响异常或声响明显增
某市境内国道、公路、城际快速通道、运煤专线等交通干线纵横交叉,近期致人死亡交通事
府城房地产开发公司为内资企业,公司于2016年1月-2019年12
最新回复
(
0
)