2. 职称英语
  3. National parties in the United’ States have generally been weak in structure and

National parties in the United’ States have generally been weak in structure and

游客2023-07-30  53
问题 National parties in the United’ States have generally been weak in structure and wary of ideology. Many writers have said that American parties are the least centralized in the world. However, the argument that parties have not represented significant differences in policy can be pushed too far. For example, in the last century, at least the Republicans have been more committed than the Democrats to a marketoriented economy, while the Democrats have been more prepared to use government to address economic problems. Within both parties there had been wide variance on issues, but in general the Republican has been the more conservative and the Democrats the more liberal.
    Both parties, however, have resisted reducing these tendencies in their social, economic, and moral belief systems to a rigid ideology. And neither, until recently, gave much authority in its national party structure.
    At state and local levels, on the other hand, party organizations often achieved impressive levels of solidarity and internal discipline. Both Democrats and Republicans maintained powerful local political organizations in many cities and states.
    Whatever their merits or demerits, the traditional organizations went into steep decline during the 1950s and 1960s. The old organizations lost the ability to maintain discipline. The share of voters regarding themselves as. political independence, that is, people not affiliated with either of the major parties, rose.
    There were several reasons for the loss of effectiveness of the major party organizations. Development of a welfare state administered by the federal government established some of the services that had formerly been distributed by the organizations as political favors. As recent immigrants became more educated they were less dependent on party workers. The inclusion of more state employees under civil service protection dried up some of the old wells of patronage. Growing unionization of public employees after 1960 struck an even more serious blow at the patronage system. Television brought candidates into voters’ living rooms, thereby antiquating some of the communication and education functions of party workers. Most of all, perhaps, the old tribal differences associated with the parties began to seem irrelevant to members of generations that sought fresh identities. [br] The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of political organizations in the United States except ______.
选项 A、increased numbers of immigrants
B、development of the welfare state
C、improved conditions for state workers
D、the influence of television
答案 A
解析 细节题。见文章的最后一段第三句话As recent immigrants became more educated they were less dependent on party workers．由于移民受教育程度的提高，所以他们不再依赖党内的工作人员了，由此可知，A项为正确选项。
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