首页
登录
职称英语
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We wa
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We wa
游客
2023-07-26
28
管理
问题
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition (营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur (硫)or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills, and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination.
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won’t work, we first relate the effect (light out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out, we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out--power off--refrigerator not working -- temperature will rise -- milk will sour. In the other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a ear from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but can’t do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be present.
In establishing or denying a causal relation, it is usually necessary to show the process by which the supposed cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process. [br] According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason _____.
选项
A、from cause to effect
B、from effect to cause
C、from effect to effect and on to cause
D、from effect to cause and on to another effect
答案
D
解析
细节题。结合第二段,特别是第三句和第五句,可以得出正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2870331.html
相关试题推荐
Inmanywayswecanallbeencouragedtolearnanotherlanguage.Althoughit
Inmanywayswecanallbeencouragedtolearnanotherlanguage.Althoughit
Inmanywayswecanallbeencouragedtolearnanotherlanguage.Althoughit
Inmanywayswecanallbeencouragedtolearnanotherlanguage.Althoughit
Inmanywayswecanallbeencouragedtolearnanotherlanguage.Althoughit
[originaltext]Researchershavediscoveredalinkbetweendrinkingandthink
Wehumansaren’ttheonlyoneswhowanttofitin.Researchershavediscover
Wehumansaren’ttheonlyoneswhowanttofitin.Researchershavediscover
Wehumansaren’ttheonlyoneswhowanttofitin.Researchershavediscover
EatingDisorders:FactsAboutEatingDisordersandtheSearchforSoluti
随机试题
(1)OnhisbenchinMadisonSquare,Soapymoveduneasily.Whenwildgeesehon
WalkingdownanyofShanghai’smainshoppingstreetsthisweek,newcomersmi
[originaltext]Nowlistentothefollowingrecordingandanswerquestions16to
咽喉部CT扫描技术不包括A.咽喉部常规检查,一般以横断位、螺旋扫描为主 B.定
以下哪项消化性溃疡并发症无需外科手术治疗:A.大量出血经内科治疗无效 B.
站用交流电源系统特殊巡视,雨、雪天气,检查()。户外电源箱无漏雨。$;$配
勘察合同履行过程中,勘察人承担违约责任的形式有()。A.支付违约金 B.支付
回收到磁性产品中的磁性矿粒的运动轨迹,是由作用于磁性矿粒上的磁力和机械力的合力来
A.巨细胞 B.R-S细胞 C.无上皮衬里 D.釉质 E.黏液细胞黏液表
(2017年真题)在城镇供热管网闭式系统中,一次热网与二次热网采用()连接。
最新回复
(
0
)