首页
登录
职称英语
In the early 20th century, a horse named Clever Hans was believed capable of
In the early 20th century, a horse named Clever Hans was believed capable of
游客
2023-07-20
24
管理
问题
In the early 20th century, a horse named Clever Hans was believed capable of counting and other impressive mental tasks. After years of great performance, psychologists discovered that though Hans was certainly clever, he was not clever in the way everyone expected. The horse was cunningly (聪明地) picking up on tiny, unintentional bodily and facial cues given out not only by his trainer, but also by the audience. Aware of the "Clever Hans" effect, Lisa Lit at the University of California, Davis, and her colleagues wondered whether the beliefs of professional dog handlers might similarly affect the outcomes of searchers for drugs and explosives. Remarkably, Dr. Lit found, they do.
Dr. Lit asked 18 professional dog handlers and their dogs to complete brief searches. Before the searches, the handlers were informed that some of the search area might contain up to three target scents (气味), and also that in two cases those scents would be marked by pieces of red paper. What the handlers were not told was that none of the search areas contained the scents of either drugs or explosives. Any "detections" made by the teams thus had to be false.
The findings reveal that of 144 searches, only 21 were clean (no alerts). All the others raised one alert or more. In total, the teams raised 225 alerts. While the sheer number of false alerts struck Dr. Lit as fascinating, it was where they took place that was of greatest interest.
When handlers could see a red piece of paper, allegedly marking a location of interest, they were much more likely to say that their dogs signaled an alert. The human handlers were not only distracted on almost every occasion by the stimulus aimed at them, but also transmitted that distraction to their animals — who responded accordingly. To mix metaphors, the dogs were crying "wolf at the unconscious signal of their handlers.
How much that matters in the real world is unclear. But it might. If a handler, for example, unconsciously "profiled" people being sniffed (嗅) by a drug- or explosive-detecting dog at an airport, false positives could abound (大量存在). That is not only bad for innocent travelers, but might distract the team from catching the guilty. [br] What did psychologists find out about Clever Hans?
选项
A、He was really good at counting.
B、He was as clever as people claimed.
C、He merely responded to human signals.
D、He could understand human language.
答案
C
解析
根据题干中的psychologists和Clever Hans将本题出处定位到首段。该段第2、3句都是心理学家发现的与Clever Hans有关的情况,其中第3句提到:这匹马很聪明,能够注意到它的训练者和观众发出的细微的、无意识的身体上的以及面部的暗示。也就是说,它的选择是根据人们发出的身体上和面部的信号做出的,由此可知,Clever Hans只是对人们发出的信号做出回应,故答案为[C]。[A]是根据Clever Hans was believed capable ofcounting设的干扰项,并不是心理学家的发现,故排除。[B]“它就像人们宣称的那样聪明”与首段第2句he was not clever in the way everyone expected矛盾,故排除。Clever Hans只是对人们发出的信号做出回应,并没有真正理解人们的语言含义,故排除[D]。
转载请注明原文地址:https://tihaiku.com/zcyy/2854416.html
相关试题推荐
TheBusinessmanoftheCenturyLedbypeoplewhocoul
TheBusinessmanoftheCenturyLedbypeoplewhocoul
TheBusinessmanoftheCenturyLedbypeoplewhocoul
TheBusinessmanoftheCenturyLedbypeoplewhocoul
TheBusinessmanoftheCenturyLedbypeoplewhocoul
Itisbelieved(that)reading____________(增加我们的知识)andbroadensourmind.increase
[originaltext]Manyartistslateinthelastcenturywereinsearchofamea
[originaltext]Manyartistslateinthelastcenturywereinsearchofamea
[originaltext]Manyartistslateinthelastcenturywereinsearchofamea
OneofthemostpopularmythsabouttheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywa
随机试题
[originaltext]M:Howmucharethesepens,please?W:2for7dollarsnow.They
Americanculturehasbeenenrichedbythevaluesandbeliefsystemsofvirtu
GreekMythologyGreekmythologyconcernstheanci
【教学过程】 环节一:课堂导入 提出问题(结合旧知):如何判断洛伦兹力的方向?(左手定则) 教师引导:磁场对运动的电荷有力的作用,如何去求?引入《洛伦兹力
糖尿病人往往会发生足部溃疡,这是因为()。A.疾病是有原因的 B.疾病可以导致
压缩空气站管道系统中,从空气压缩机进气管到储气罐后的输气总管为()。A:空气管
建筑安装工程费用中的财产保险费,属于()。A.措施费 B.规费 C.间
下列说法中,正确的是( )。A.大赦既赦其刑,又赦其罪B.特赦只赦其刑
商业银行总的市场风险限额以及限额种类、结构应当提交()批准。A.董事会 B.监
当前,微机所配备的内存储器大多是( )。A.半导体存储器 B.磁介质存储器
最新回复
(
0
)