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  3. 共用题干 Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Ea

共用题干 Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Ea

最全题库2022-08-02  7
问题 共用题干Cancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early
An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers,who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use.
The researchers looked at 25 randomized,controlled clinical trials that were stopped ear-ly because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients.
“When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007,we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trials一more than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years,”study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday.
Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11(79 percent)of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S.Food and Drug Administration.
“This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely.In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature’benefit/risk balance of new drugs,”Apolone said.
He and his colleagues“are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing ben-efit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients.However,findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation.”
It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treat-ment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months,with a range from 12 to 64 months.
They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped,they'd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis.
“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond rea- sonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,” Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropi-cal Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being available.”Some of the trials were too short to show their long-term effects.A:RightB:WrongC:Not mentioned
选项 Some of the trials were too short to show their long-term effects.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
答案 A
解析 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了七个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。
【解析】
题干意为“过早中止临床试验的数量最近一直在增加”。利用题干中的细节 信息词/短语the number of prematurely stopped clinical trials, recently作为定位线索，在短 文第一段中找到相关句：An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated,say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use．该段是独立成段句（提示：独立成段句上常设考点），该句意为“意大利的研究者们说‘越来越多对治疗癌症的新方法进行的临床试验在试验风险和益处未到充分评价之前就中止了’”，这表明“被提前中止的临床试验的数量呈上升趋势”，显然该句意义与题干意义一致。
题干意为“试验被过早中止的原因是因为治疗方法被证明是没有价值的”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语treatments , no value作为定位线索（trial是短文主题词，因此不用作定位线索），在短文第二段中找到相关句：The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients．相关句意为“研究者们随机分析了25项临床试验，这些试验被过早中止的原因是因为这些试验显现出了一些有益于病人的长处”。由此可见短文陈述的试验被过早中 止的原因和题干陈述的原因不一致，因此题干陈述了错误的信息。
题干意为“25项临床试验所涉及到的参与者人数大致相同”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语25 trials,the same number of participants作为定位线索，结果发现短文中涉及到25项试验的句子都没有具体提到参与试验的人数，因此题干陈述的信息（参与试验人数的信息）是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验被过早中止可能是出于商业方面的原因”。利用题干中的细节信息短语some of the trials, commercial reasons作为定位线索，在短文第五段中找到相关句：“This suggests a strong commercial component（与commercial reaons呼应）in stop-ping trials prematurely.In fact,this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies.On the other hand,a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an ‘immature' benefit/risk balance of new drugs,” Apolone said．相关句（第五段第一句）意为 “这表明在过早中止临床试验中含有明显的商业因素”，这表明过早中止临床试验有商业因素方面的影响。由此可见题干陈述的信息与短文内容一致。
题干意为“临床试验的参与者们对临床试验被提早中止感到高兴”。利用题干中的细节信息短语participants in the trials作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词 happy“高兴的”，结果发现短文中提到试验对象的句子并没有涉及到试验对象对试验中止的态度，因此题干陈述的信息是短文中未提及的信息。
题干意为“一些试验进行的时间太短因而不能显示出这些试验的长期效果”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语some of the trials, long-term effects作为定位线索，同时关注题干中出现的修饰词short，在短文第七段中找到相关句：It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent,Apolo-ne noted, but the average duration（持续时间）of the 25 studies（与some of the trials呼应） he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months．该句意为 “Apolone指出新的治疗方法是否长期具有益处或者是毒副作用可能要几年之后才能显现出来，但是他和他的同事们所研究的25项临床试验的平均试验时间为30个月，最短的为12个月，最长的为64个月”，这表明一些临床试验持续的时间太短，没有达到几年的时间，也因此不能显现出这些试验的长期效果。由此可见题干陈述的意义与短文意义一致。
题干意为“Stuart Pocock认为临床试验在任何情况都决不应该过早中止”。利用题干中的细节信息词/短语Stuart Pocock, clinical trials作为定位线索，在短文最后一段中找到相关句：“Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever there's proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior.That would be an ethical obligation,”Stuart Pocock,a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom,said at the news conference.“However,too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy（功效）without strong evidence being availa- ble.”最后一段意为“Stuart Pocock说如果有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时就应该提前中止该临床试验，然而太多的临床试验虽然没有充分的证据证明它们所谓的功效，却宣称有功效而提前中止了”。由此可知Stuart Pocock认为只要有充分的证据证明新的治疗方法更有优势时可以提前中止该临床试验，而不是题干提到的“在任何情况下都决不应该中止 临床试验”，因此题干陈述的信息与短文内容不一致。
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