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  3. Text 4 Clouds are notoriously unruly.Mak

Text 4 Clouds are notoriously unruly.Mak

最全题库2022-08-02  31
问题 Text 4 Clouds are notoriously unruly.Make It Rain,Kristine Harper's detailed history of weather control in the United States,reminds us that clouds have been objects of desire and frustration for some time.Her story of the messy interface between science and govemment policy unfolds across the 20th century,but it reaches its emotional crest in the 1950s.Although she includes colorful details of cloud-seeding experiments,Harper's story is not so much about attempts to control the weather as it is about the political battles waged over the control of the atmosphere.But Harper's focus on govemment policy is what makes this study so worthwhile.Scientific facts,she demonstrates,were never central to weather control policies.When meteorologists were consulted,they usually replied that our basic physical understanding still fell far short of what was required to intervene in the weather in responsible or effective ways.More research,they argued,was needed before action could be taken.Officials in the Departments oflnterior and Defense looked elsewhere for scientific support.They found a few key figures willing to play the role of experts,including the mathematician and computer architect John von Neumann and Irving Langmuir,a Nobel laureate chemist employed by General Electric（GE）.Langmuir,who used supercooled GE freezers to simulate clouds,assumed that what worked in the laboratory would work in the atmosphere itself.After inconclusive field experiments in New Mexico,he made plausible reports that just a few pounds of dry ice or silver iodide could generate precipitation over thousands of square mrles.The truth was more complex and the prospects for actual control much less favorable.It was sometimes possible to coax water out of clouds that already existed.It was not possible to generate water-and clouds-where none existed.Yet such details,and the physical facts behind them,did remarkably little damage to govemment plans for hamessing the awesome power of the atmosphere.Rather than revealing a history of what we might today call evidence-led policy,here is a rogue's gallery of policy~led evidence.Drawing on the work of Brian Balogh,Harper calls such programs the workings of a"proministrative state,"in which a governing body sells the people services that the people have not.in fact,demanded.After a series of relatively benign（and frequently unsuccessful）domestic projects during the 1950s,the United States started its weather control efforts on the world stage.Some interventions were peaccful,such as an attempt to mitigate drought in the Bihar region oflndia in 1967.Others were not.39.By citing the phrase"proministrative state"（Para,5）,the author implies thatA.professionals should influence administration.B.administration has authority over science.C.administration ought not to lead science.D.science and administration should be bound together.
选项 A.professionals should influence administration.
B.administration has authority over science.
C.administration ought not to lead science.
D.science and administration should be bound together.
答案 C
解析 词汇理解题。the workings ofa“proministrative state”是such programs的另一种名称，而such programs代指的是上文提到的朗格穆尔不能令人信服的实验，以及政府不顾物理事实，便开始采取行动，从而推理出该短语是倾向于赞同政策，再由in.vhich引导的定语从句可得知proministrative state的特点，即“政府向人们提供人们并不需要的服务”，由此可知作者认为政府的某些政策其实是多余的，说明作者对proministrative state持一种反对态度，故选C项。【干扰排除】A、B、D三项都并不反对政策对科学的影响，与本文论点相反，故均排除。
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