Text 1 It is a familiar ritual for many:

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问题 Text 1 It is a familiar ritual for many:after a late night out you reach for your smartphone to hail an Uber home.only to find-disaster-that the fare will be three times the normal rate.Like many things beloved by economists,"surge pricing"of the sort that occasionally afflicts Uber-users is both efficient and deeply unpopular.From a consumer's perspective,surge pricing is annoying at best and downright offensive when applied during emergencies.Extreme fare surges often lead to outpourings of public criticism:when a snowstorm paralysed New York in 2013,celebrities,including Salman Rushdie,took to social media to rail against triple-digit fares for relatively short rides.Some city governments have banned the practice altogether:Delhi's did so in April.Surge（or dynamic）pricing relies on frequent price adjustments to match supply and demand.Such systems are sometimes used to set motorway tolls（which rise and fall with demand in an effort to keep traffic flowing）,or to adjust the price of energy in electricity markets.A lower-tech version is common after natural disasters,when shopkeepers raise the price of necessities like bottled water and batteries as supplies run low.People understandably detest such practices.It offends the sensibilities of non-economists that the same journey should cost different amounts from one day or hour to the next-and more,invariably,when the need is most desperate.Yet surge fares also demonstrate the elegance with which prices moderate a marketplace.When demand in an area spikes and the waiting time for a car rises,surge pricing kicks in;users requesting carsare informed that the fare will be a multiple of the normal rate.As the multiple rises,the market goes to work.Higher fares ration available cars by willingness to pay:to richer users,in some cases,but also to those less able to wait out the surge period or with fewer good altematives.Charging extra to those without good alternatives sounds like gouging,yet without surge pricing such riders would be less likely to get a ride at all.since there would be no incentive for all the other people requesting cars to drop out.Surge pricing also boosts supply,at least locally,The extra money is shared with drivers,who therefore have an incentive to l:ravel to areas with high demand to help relieve the crush.Whether Uber remains a big part of the transport network in future,and whether it retains surge pricing,depends in part on how well local govemments manage the transport system as a whole.In other words,surge pricing is really only as painful as local officials allow it to be.21.It can be inferred from Paragraph l that Uber's pricing strategyA.works efficiently in the market.B.has fluctuated in the late night.C.is criticised by both consumers and economists.D.will cause catastrophe during emergencies.

选项 A.works efficiently in the market.
B.has fluctuated in the late night.
C.is criticised by both consumers and economists.
D.will cause catastrophe during emergencies.

答案 A

解析事实细节题。第一段列举了深夜用优步打车，收费是平时的三倍的例子。第一段第二句提到，优步的定价策略虽然有效却不受消费者欢迎，因此A项“在市场中行之有效”是正确选项。【干扰排除】第一段第一句提到，后半夜打车的价格是平常的三倍，因此价格是提高而不是波动，B项错误；由第一段第二句可知，这种定价策略受到经济学家的喜爱，所以C项错误；第一段第一句提到优步价格提高是disaster（灾难）．但这只是对消费者来说是一种不好的体验，并不是真的带来灾难．D项可排除。

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Text 1 It is a familiar ritual for many:

英语一研究生

研究生入学