The Headland Hypothesis argues that foraging or non-agricultural tribes

游客2025-02-23 32

问题       The Headland Hypothesis argues that foraging or non-agricultural tribes
   have been unable to collect adequate carbohydrates in the rain forest due to its
   lack of starch producing species, and were thus forced to develop trade
   relationships with agriculturalists. This hypothesis has been shown to rest on
(5) impossibly idealized conceptions of virgin rain forest, forager behavior and
   history, such that one may argue something diametrically different: millennia of
   trade relationships with agricultural peoples have led to changes in forager
   behaviors and in the composition of the forests they inhabit. Supposing that
   humans modify their environments in ways that are generally favorable toward
(10)  their continued survival, it follows that an increased reliance on agriculturalists
   for carbohydrates might lead to the gradual disappearance of rain forest
   starches. Horticulturalists are likely to dedicate the majority of their efforts
   toward staple starch crops such as rice or wheat, which in some environments
   may provide a more efficient source of carbohydrates than does foraging.
(15)  Foragers, then, would be inclined to assume the "professional primitive" role,
   and trade more tasty and nutritious rain forest resources such as meat and fruit
   in exchange for carbohydrates, as Headland himself observed in a multitude of
   cultures around the world.
      Foragers may have also lost some of their knowledge and technologies
(20)  related to carbohydrate extraction from the rain forest, and the carbohydrate-
   rich rain forest species may have arrested their co-evolution with foragers,
   leaving the impression that rain forests have always possessed insufficient
   quantities of such resources to support humans. A co-evolutionary argument is
   not, however, necessary to this line of reasoning, for rain forests may adapt
(25)  purely in terms of the quantity and availability of extant carbohydrate-rich
   species, as the case of sago palms evinces in two ways. Firstly, the selective
   harvesting of some trees has been shown to have a "thinning" effect which helps
   the species to gain sunlight and to thrive, positively affecting its long-term
   survival, reproduction and distribution at the expense of carbohydrate-rich
(30)  species. Secondly, the sago palm has two means of reproduction: vegetatively,
   or through "suckers", and through seed disbursal, which whether intentional
   and inadvertent is likely to increase when humans are harvesting the trees.
   Although sago palms are particularly prevalent in the areas where, for instance
   the Penan foragers exploit it, there has been no study to show that this would
(35)  remain the case if the Penan were to move, or to cease exploiting the trees.
      Admittedly, this response to the Headland Hypothesis has problems, for
   not all carbohydrate producing species are disbursed by seeds, nor have they all
   been shown to benefit from human foraging behaviors. Theories of co-evolution
   do, however, predict that such relationships would be likely to evolve, and the
(40)  simple fact that disturbing the rain forest through fire, sago harvesting, and
   countless other means available to foragers can lead to better environments for
   carbohydrate growth, illustrates that significant changes could have occurred in
   much less time than one might expect.

选项 A、how anthropologists ought to explain the origins of the trade relationship between foragers and agriculturalists
B、why it is difficult to measure the amount of time necessary for the disappearance of carbohydrate-rich plant species in the rain forest
C、why a particular account of the unavailability of carbohydrates to rain forest foragers is inaccurate
D、what ought to be included in any account of the effects of forager peoples on rain forest ecology
E、what data are most relevant for an accurate account of the relations between rain forest foragers and agriculturalists

答案 C

解析

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